【作者】 张晓燕；

【导师】 陈先初；

【作者基本信息】 湖南大学 ， 中国史， 2021， 博士

【摘要】 所谓民生,主要指民众生计生活和生存的基本状态,具体包括人们的衣食住行、就业、教育、卫生健康及各种社会保障。这些看来似为相对狭义且具体的意涵,又密切关联着社会与国家层面的“大问题”,对国家发展社会稳定具有重要意义,因而长期以来受到学界普遍关注。本文以二十世纪二三十年代中国知识分子且主要是专业知识分子为对象,考察这一知识群体对中国社会底层民生的深切关怀,聚焦他们对民生问题的观察、思考和认知,分析其由民生拯救而社会发展、国家富强的思想进路和逻辑目标。第一,二十世纪二三十年代的中国,农村呈现一派衰败景象,农民生活处于贫困状态。知识界人士对此进行了多方面的揭示,并在此基础上积极探索救济之道,他们提出了诸如乡村建设、农村合作、改革土地制度、确立新的农村金融制度等等主张,有的还在一定程度上被付诸实践。知识分子对中国农村民生问题的关切和思考,体现了其强烈的救世情怀。第二,劳工问题也包含着严重的民生问题,其也引起了知识分子的关注。知识分子们聚焦于城镇劳工生计生活的实际状态,关注其就业、收入、工时、女工童工、生活消费、居住条件等具体问题,进而思考这些问题的改善方法。这一思想架构也呈现出清晰的国家富强逻辑。第三,国民卫生健康问题,也是知识界尤其是医卫专业知识分子民生思考的重要方面。知识分子注意到国民卫生健康观念普遍落后,公共卫生健康设施与卫生体系建设不完善,卫生行政运作效率低下,经费投入不足等,是造成中国社会疫病流行、人口死亡率高、卫生健康知识缺乏、国民卫生习惯不良、身心健康状况普遍较差的重要原因。为此提出破除落后的观念和习俗,健全卫生健康组织机构,加大经费投入,重视公共卫生体系和设施建设;完善卫生行政机构,救济农村卫生,发展卫生健康教育,培养医卫专业人才,提供经费、制度与法律等相应保障;普及卫生健康知识等主张或建议,这对于推动中国卫生健康事业发展,提高国民身体素质,具有积极意义。第四,知识界也从民生视角对当时的教育问题进行了认真思考,认为教育即是民生,民生为各类教育之目标;教育的形式与内容应以增加生产、满足民众生活实际需要为导向;教育必须立足于中国社会经济与民生实况,以社会经济与民众生计生活为中心;要改革中国传统的教育观念、内容、目标和制度体系。他们提出的平民教育、生活教育、职业教育、乡村教育、实利教育、卫生健康教育等种种主张,也大都围绕民众生计生活以及社会和国家建设而展开。二三十年代中国知识分子的民生思考表现出较为明显的特点,如强烈的民生关怀和悲悯意识,社会属性多于政治属性,社会改造思想的渐进品格,等等。知识分子的民生思考及其努力,体现了由民生改善到社会改造再到国家富强的逻辑进路和价值目标,这是其所具有的思想意义和社会意义之所在。更多还原

【Abstract】 People’s livelihood mainly refers to the people’s basic livelihood and survival condition.It specifically includes food and clothing live line,employment,education,hygiene and health,social insurance.The narrow and definite meaning is closely related to the big problem of country level.It is of great significance to national development and social stability.Therefore,it has been concerned by the academic circles for a long time.The Chinese intellectual people in the 1920 s and 1930 s is that the research object of this paper.The research target is to study the concerns of this group on Chinese people’s livelihood,the focus is on their observations and reflections on livelihood.The logic of the development of this idea is that improving people’s livelihood to social development and ultimately achieving national prosperity.The main contents are as follows:Firstly,the Chinese country presents a picture of decay during the 1920 s and 1930 s.Chinese intellectual people reveal the rural people’s difficult livelihood and actively explore relief methods.They put forward many suggestions like rural construction,rural cooperative,reform the land system,establish Rural financial system.Some ideas have become reality.It reflects the sense of Chinese intellectual people’s salvation.Second,The Intellectual circles think that the livelihood question of the works is people’s livelihood issues.Chinese intellectual people focus on the urban labor’s living conditions.These problems mainly include of the employment problem,income,working time,Women workers and child Labor,living consumption,living condition and so on.By thinking about these issues to improve the living conditions of workers.The logic is to achieve national prosperity.Thirdly,people’s hygienic problem and health problem is also concerned by Chinese intellectual people who have medical education background.The Chinese intellectual people take notice of some questions such as people’s backward concept of health,the public health facilities and health system construction is faultiness,the health administration system is inefficient,lack of funding.The above situation creates many serious problems: prevalence of disease,high mortality rate,people lack knowledge of hygiene,poor physical and mental state.Therefore,The Intellectual circles put forward many proposals to improve the situation.for example,getting rid of outdated ideas and customs,attaching importance to the development of public health systems and facilities,increase expenditure of hygiene.They must develop rural health relief services,developing health education,training medical talents and provide financial and legal safeguards.The suggestion orproposition that they put forward to popularize health knowledge has a great significance for promoting the development of people.The Intellectual circles also think about education problem of livehood view at that time.They also take improving people’s livelihood as the goal of education.China’s education must be based on the reality of China’s social economy and people’s livelihood,centered on social economy and people’s livelihood,centered on social economy and people’s livelihood,and reform the traditional Chinese educational concept,content,goal and system.They put forward Civilian education,life education,vocational educaton,rural education,practical education,health education and other propositions,mostly around the people’s livelihood and social and national construction,embodies the theory and practice of knowledge group education people’s livelihood thought and value goals.Finally,there are many obvious features of Chinese intellectuals’ living thought in the1920 s and 1930 s.These characteristics include the strong concern for people’s wellbeing and a sense of compassion;social rather than political;the gradual transformation of society,and so on.In fact,the intellectuals’ thinging and efforts on people’s livelihood also reflect the logical path and value goal from the improvement of people’s livelihood to sacial transformation and then to the prosperity of the Country.It also contains ideological and social significance.更多还原