【作者】 王志刚；

【导师】 罗时进；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2021， 博士

【摘要】 “园墅”是涵括古代所有园苑类建筑的总称,在诸建筑类型中,最能体现古代士人对之作为精神空间的意义,也最具有文学和审美价值。江南素以名园墅称甲天下,又为文献奥区,故有清一代,园墅文献之撰、辑蔚成大观。这些园墅文献既有散见于诗文集等的零篇散帙,亦有根据一定体例编订的相对整饬的文献。清代江南园墅文献的繁荣有着深刻的社会、文化原因。江南悠久的造园历史,成熟的园林范式,以及经济富庶带来的园墅兴造繁荣,是园墅文献编纂的物质文化基础。江南博涵融通的人文环境,文人浓厚的乡邦情结,其有意识地传递和建构以园林文化为特色的地域文化,是园墅文献编纂的内在精神驱动力。而江南发达的刻书业和完整的藏书体系,又为园墅文献的保存提供了保障。在此基础上,江南园墅文献呈现出文学与史学互见、溯古与论今并重、整编与散章共存、本土与外来士人共同参与纂辑的面貌。今考清代江南园墅文献,根据其内容、体例的不同,大体可以分为汇考、艺文、园志、造园四个类型。其中,汇考类是将园墅的各项信息如现状、因革等总汇考证,文辞简约,或征引诗、文等以为考证依据。文人笔记、地方志、类书等多有以汇考形式记述园墅者,如地方志中的“园墅志”,通常将一个地区的历代园墅总汇考录,堪称一部“园墅史”。艺文类则侧重于搜辑有关园墅的诗文,或附于地方总集,如《吴郡文编》中“第宅园林”类目;或以单行本刊布,如《扬州东园题咏》等。其选文亦多有一定标准,或侧重文辞,或注重采风。园志则为记载园林的志书,一般包括园墅考证和艺文搜辑两部分,间有附杂录者,具有较为固定的体例和编纂模式,是了解某一园墅信息的最为详实的文献。造园类主要为讨论筑园技艺的一类文献。清代虽无系统的造园学专著,但不乏精要的见解;又因古典园林的文人化特质,故造园理论亦多由文人阐发,散见于其诗文集中,如断锦孤云,时有创获。四种文献类型虽各有所侧重,但从整体上来说,共同构成了江南园墅文化的特质。园墅文献一方面辑汇丽辞佳什,延续江南文脉;一方面遵循一定的编纂理念,为文献注入更加厚重的历史感和人文情怀。自北宋李格非在《洛阳名园记》中提出“洛阳之盛衰,候于园圃之废兴”的观点以来,文人学者便将园墅兴废与天下盛衰联系起来,以抒发对历史的感慨。同时,文人在撰写园墅文献时,通常秉持“园以人存”的原则,藉由书写园墅传达前贤的令德懿行。这就使得园墅文献不再仅仅是记录园墅的文字材料,同时也是传递文化的文本载体。园墅文献与编写者所处的历史环境也存在密切的关系。当社会稳定,文人园居多以日常生活为主,其观照、书写园墅多带有诗性的眼光,雅集、结社、征咏等活动层见叠出。如生在承平之世的随园老人袁枚,以一幅《随园雅集图》征咏,前后垂三十余年,乾嘉时期的著名文人多有题诗者。袁枚将其汇辑成编,俨然一部简而精的乾嘉诗史。与日常相对的是“事件”。清代发生在江南的重大事件如明清易代、康乾二帝南巡、太平天国运动等,无不对园墅产生重大影响。园墅在时事的变迁中旋兴旋衰。如太平天国运动中,惨烈的战争造成了江南园墅的大量残毁,但天国各级官吏尤其是诸王也修建了数量可观的衙署或王府,且形成了异于清王朝的园林风格。园墅文献中又有两类特殊的文体。一为楹联,其短小的艺术形式,通常起到言简意丰、幅短神遥的艺术效果,增加了园墅的诗性之美。一为纸上园林,作为一种空间想象,它突破了园墅实与虚的界限,着重表达文人的心理。这两类文体,一悬于楹柱而融于园墅,一存于想象而形于笔墨,均为园林精神的发挥,将园墅之幽美、文人之性情表现得淋漓尽致。总体来说,清代江南园墅文献的撰写和编纂是一个较为显著的文化现象。文人既是文献编纂的主体,辑录有关园墅的各类信息,同时又是被书写的客体,其雅集唱和等亦成为园墅文献中的重要内容。故以学术价值而论,清代江南园墅文献兼具史料与文学价值,同时又包含着哲学、美学、造园学等内容;通过对其进行系统研究、整理,可以为各种学科提供一定的史料支持,对清代文学研究也有一定的拓展意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 "Garden villa" is a general term that encompasses all ancient garden buildings.Among the various architectural types,it can best reflect the meaning of ancient scholars as a spiritual space,and it also has the most literary and aesthetic value.Jiangnan is known as the best in the world for its famous garden villas,and it is also a documentary Olympic area.Therefore,there was the Qing Dynasty,and the compilation and compilation of garden villas literature became a grand sight.These garden manuscripts are not only scattered in the collection of poems and essays,but also relatively neat documents compiled according to a certain style.There were profound social and cultural reasons for the prosperity of Jiangnan garden villa literature in Qing Dynasty.The long history of gardening in the south of the Yangtze River,the mature garden paradigm,and the prosperity of gardens and villas brought about by economic prosperity are the material and cultural foundations for the compilation of gardens and villas.The harmonious humanistic environment of Jiangnan Bohan and the strong locality complex of literati,its conscious transmission and construction of regional culture featuring garden culture are the inner spiritual driving force for the compilation of garden and villa documents.The well-developed book-carving industry and complete book collection system in the south of the Yangtze River provide a guarantee for the preservation of the Yuanshu literature.On this basis,the Jiangnan Yuanshu literature presents the appearance of mutual understanding of literature and history,equal emphasis on retrospect and discussion,coexistence of compilation and prose,and the participation of local and foreign scholars in the compilation.According to the different contents and styles of the Qing Dynasty Jiangnan garden villa literature,it can be roughly divided into four types:examination,art and literature,garden history,and gardening.Among them,the entrance examination category is to summarize various information of the garden,such as the current situation,the cause and revolution,etc.,with simple words,or quotation of poems and essays as the basis for the research.Literati’s notes,local chronicles,genre books,etc.are often described in the form of examinations,such as the "Garden and Villa Records" in the local chronicles,which usually records the summaries of the gardens and villas of the past dynasties in a region,which can be called a "Garden and Villa History".The art and literature category focuses on the collection of poems and essays related to gardens,or attached to local collections,such as the category of "Di Zhai Garden" in "Wu Jun Wen Compilation";or published in a separate edition,such as "Yangzhou East Garden",etc..Most of the selected essays have certain standards,either focusing on literary rhetoric,or focusing on collecting style.Garden Chronicles are records of gardens,generally including garden villa textual research and art collection,with miscellaneous records in between.It has a relatively fixed style and compilation mode,and is the most detailed information for understanding a garden villa.literature.Gardening is mainly a type of literature discussing gardening techniques.Although there were no systematic monographs on gardening in the Qing Dynasty,there were no shortage of essential insights;and because of the literati characteristics of classical gardens,the gardening theories were mostly expounded by literati and scattered in their collections of poems,such as Broken Brocade and Solitary Clouds.There are gains from time to time.Although the four types of documents have their own emphasis,on the whole,they jointly constitute the characteristics of Jiangnan garden and villa culture.On the one hand,the garden villa literature compiles the best of Huili’s words and continues the Jiangnan context;on the other hand,it follows a certain compilation concept and injects a deeper sense of history and humanistic feelings into the literature.Since Li Gefei in the Northern Song Dynasty put forward the viewpoint of "Luoyang’s prosperity and decline,waiting for the abandonment of gardens" in the Northern Song Dynasty,literati and scholars have linked the prosperity and decline of gardens and villas with the prosperity and decline of the world in order to express their feelings about history.At the same time,literati usually adhere to the principle of "people in the garden" when composing the gardens and villas,and use the writings of the gardens to convey the predecessor’s order of virtue.This makes the garden villa literature no longer merely a documentary material for recording the garden villa,but also a text carrier for conveying culture.There is also a close relationship between the garden manuscripts and the historical environment where the authors are located.When the society is stable,the literati garden mainly focuses on daily life,and its contemplation and writing on the garden often have a poetic vision,and activities such as gatherings,associations,and chanting are repeated.For example,Yuan Mei,an old man from Suiyuan,who was born in Chengping,used a picture of "Suiyuan Elegant Collection" to chant for more than 30 years.Many famous literati in Qianjia period had poetry inscribed.Yuan Mei compiled it into a compilation,like a concise and concise history of Qianjia poems.The opposite of daily life is "event".Major events in the south of the Yangtze River during the Qing Dynasty,such as the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the Southern Tour of the Emperor Kangxi and Qianlong,and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement,all had a major impact on the garden.Garden villas are flourishing and declining in the changes of current affairs.For example,during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement,the tragic war caused a lot of destruction of the gardens in the south of the Yangtze River.However,the heavenly officials at all levels,especially the kings,also built a considerable number of government offices or palaces,and formed a garden style different from that of the Qing Dynasty.There are two other special styles in the garden manuscripts.The first is the couplet,its short art form usually has the artistic effect of concise and expressive,short and distant,adding to the poetic beauty of the garden.One is the garden on paper.As a kind of spatial imagination,it breaks the boundary between the real and the virtual in the garden and focuses on expressing the psychology of the literati.These two types of styles,one posted on the yakuza pillars of the garden and the other existed in the imagination of the literati,are both the display of the spirit of the garden,which fully expresses the beauty of the garden and the temperament of the literati.Generally speaking,the writing and compiling of Jiangnan garden villa documents in the Qing Dynasty is a relatively significant cultural phenomenon.Literati is not only the main body of document compilation,collecting all kinds of information about the garden and villa,but also the object to be written.The literati’s elegant collection and singing have also become important contents in the document of the garden and villa.Therefore,in terms of academic value,the Qing Dynasty Jiangnan Garden Villa literature has both historical and literary value,and at the same time contains philosophy,aesthetics,gardening and other content;through systematic research and arrangement,it can provide a certain degree for various disciplines.The support of historical materials also has a certain expansion significance for the study of Qing Dynasty literature.更多还原