【作者】 高守雷；

【导师】 张童心；

【作者基本信息】 上海大学 ， 中国史， 2021， 博士

【摘要】 辽西地区新石器时代陶器具有鲜明的地域特点,陶器类型学的研究取得了丰硕的成果,但针对陶器制作技术至今未有系统全面的研究。运用文献研究、观察分析、科技检测、数理统计等定性与定量分析方法,多角度地研究了兴隆洼文化、赵宝沟文化、红山文化和小河沿文化的陶器原料、成型与修整方法、陶器形制特点、器表装饰技法和陶器烧制技术,将新石器时代陶器专业化生产组织划分为四种类型,从直接证据和间接证据两个方面分析了各文化时期的陶器生产专业化程度,初步阐明了辽西地区新石器时代社会生产状况的发展变化。本文用成熟的分析方法第一次对辽西地区新石器时代陶器制作技术进行了系统的研究;此外,通过界定新石器时代陶器生产组织的内涵,明晰直接证据和间接证据的要素,为分析陶器生产专业化程度提供了新的思路。使用X射线荧光分析仪检测了321片陶器样品的化学组成,应用主成分分析等方法分析了不同时期、不同器类、不同陶色陶器的原料特点。研究结果表明,陶器样品所用原料均为普通易熔粘土。兴隆洼文化查海遗址的制陶原料相对粗劣;小河沿文化桥头镇遗址的陶器在制陶原料处理加工方面,比该地区赵宝沟文化有了明显进步;红山文化魏家窝铺遗址夹砂陶和泥质陶使用了同一类黏土;牛河梁遗址和半拉山墓地泥质红陶筒形器、半拉山墓地的泥质红陶和泥质黄陶筒形器均使用不同原料制成。陶器标本中颗粒较大、特征明显的羼和料主要为长石族、角闪石族、辉石族和云母等矿物。借鉴地矿学的研究成果,通过比较的方法,对陶器的产地进行了初步判定,结果表明查海遗址、牛河梁遗址和半拉山墓地的制陶原料均为就地取材,陶器制作也在原料产地附近完成。通过观察分析、文献梳理等方法研究了各文化时期陶器的成型和修整方法。结果表明兴隆洼文化陶器主要采用泥圈套接法、包模贴筑法、捏塑法成型,器壁与器底的连接基本采用帮壁包器底的方法。赵宝沟文化陶器多采用泥圈套接而成,以正筑法为主,多数器物有帮壁包器底的现象。红山文化陶器采用了泥圈套接、泥条盘筑、模制法和捏塑法等多种成型方法,陶塑艺术取得了较高的成就。小河沿文化陶器均为手制,主要以泥条盘筑法制成,部分陶器还经过慢轮修整。坯体修整的方法主要有拍打、刮削、湿手抹平、滚压、敷泥、慢轮修整等,修整工具主要有蚌质、骨质、石质、夹砂陶质等。对595件筒形罐和259件钵的口径、底径、通高尺寸数据进行了数理统计分析。研究结果表明每个文化时期筒形罐的口径与底径、口径与通高在制作时有意遵循了一定的比例关系,构造关系呈现相对稳定的状态,筒形罐在不同文化时期表现出明显不同的形制特点,兴隆洼文化主要为小敞口斜直壁深腹筒形罐,赵宝沟文化以敞口斜弧壁浅腹筒形罐为主,红山文化以大口斜弧壁浅腹筒形罐居多,敞口和敛口均常见,小河沿文化多为小敛口斜弧腹筒形罐。钵的构造关系虽不如筒形罐具有明显的规律性,但在不同文化时期也有不同的特点,兴隆洼文化多数为敞口深腹钵,赵宝沟文化以斜弧腹钵为主,红山文化以大口浅腹钵居多,小河沿文化主要为大口钵,折肩钵比例达到二分之一。通过文献梳理、观察分析等方法研究了各文化时期陶器的装饰技法。结果表明兴隆洼文化陶器主要有阴纹和阳纹两种装饰,纹饰多分段分布,三段式较多,晚期多见竖压横排线形之字纹。赵宝沟文化陶器主要以阴纹装饰为主,可分为单层纹饰、双层纹饰和复合纹饰三类,之字纹多为横压竖排线形之字纹。红山文化陶器采用了阴纹、阳纹和彩陶等装饰形式,器表多一种纹饰布满三分之二器身,彩陶装饰是用红、黑两种颜色绘制的几何图案。小河沿文化陶器采用了阴纹、阳纹和彩陶等装饰形式,阴纹装饰多见拍印的绳纹,彩陶装饰既有几何图案,也有动物图案。通过X射线衍射分析、高性能微区X射线荧光光谱扫描等手段对红山文化陶器的红陶衣和彩陶颜料进行了分析,结果表明红陶衣主要显色物相为Fe₂O₃,呈色浓艳的红陶衣中Mn O含量相对较高。红彩所用的颜料为赤铁矿或磁铁矿,黑彩颜料是在铁矿中加入了锰矿的混合矿物。借助热分析仪对辽西地区新石器时代陶器样品的烧成温度进行了测试;根据发掘材料和陶器标本,分析了辽西地区陶窑的特点和不同时期的烧制气氛。结果表明各文化时期陶器烧造最高温度相差不大,但陶器的理论烧成温度区间较大。红山文化陶窑的土石结构窑室、窑壁涂抹草拌泥、石砌窑柱、连室双火膛、窑柱上铺石块作窑箅等均具有鲜明的地方特色。兴隆洼文化和赵宝沟文化陶器多是在氧化气氛中烧成,器表常见黄褐、黑褐、红褐等多种颜色。红山文化和小河沿文化的夹砂灰陶和泥质灰陶,用还原气氛烧成,火候普遍较高,由于还原气氛强弱和保温时间不同,器表呈现深灰、浅灰、灰褐等不同色调。通过界定新石器时代陶器生产组织的内涵,将专业化生产组织划分为家庭工业、个体作坊、集中作坊、专业作坊四种类型,明确了分析陶器生产专业化程度的直接证据和间接证据的要素,并进行了应用研究。研究结果表明兴隆洼文化时期陶器制作由各家户在居住区内完成,产品以实用陶器为主,陶器制作技术简单原始,不同时期、不同器类的标准化程度存在较为明显的差别,区域生产多样性比较明显,陶器生产专业化程度不会高于家庭工业阶段。赵宝沟文化时期出现了专门制陶的工匠,产品以实用陶器为主,也有少量显赫陶器,陶器制作应该是在聚落内专门的场所内完成的,陶器产品的标准化程度相对较高,生产了较多体现较高技艺水平的精致产品,应进入个体作坊生产阶段。红山文化时期陶器制作是氏族内的集体劳作活动,陶器制作有专门的场所,生产者是制陶技术熟练的工匠。陶器制作技术精湛娴熟,制陶技艺水平较高,制陶生产设备设施较为先进,应为集中作坊生产阶段。红山文化晚期筒形器的生产表现出明显细化的专业分工,体现了较高的专业化程度,可归为专业作坊的产品。大南沟墓地的陶器制作已用慢轮等工具,技术水平相对较高,筒形罐的标准化程度也有所提升,应不低于集中作坊生产阶段,是否存在专业作坊,由于目前材料有限,还无法进行判断。更多还原

【Abstract】 Neolithic pottery in western Liaoning has distinct regional characteristics,and the research on pottery typology has made fruitful achievements,but there is no systematic and comprehensive research on pottery production technology.By using the qualitative and quantitative analysis methods of literature research,observation and analysis,scientific and technological detection and mathematical statistics,this paper studies the pottery raw materials,forming and finishing methods,pottery shape characteristics,surface decoration techniques and pottery firing techniques of Xinglongwa culture,Zhaobaogou culture,Hongshan Culture and Xiaoheyan culture from multiple angles,and divides the specialized production organizations of Neolithic pottery into four types.This paper analyzes the specialization degree of pottery production in different cultural periods from two aspects of direct evidence and indirect evidence,and preliminarily expounds the development and changes of social production in the Neolithic Age in western Liaoning.This paper makes a systematic study of the Neolithic pottery making technology in western Liaoning for the first time with mature analytical methods.In addition,by defining the connotation of the Neolithic pottery production organization and clarifying the elements of direct evidence and indirect evidence,it provides a new idea for analyzing the degree of specialization of pottery production.The chemical composition of 321 pieces of pottery samples was detected by X-ray fluorescence analyzer.The characteristics of raw materials of different periods,different types of pottery and different colors of pottery were analyzed by principal component analysis.The results show that the raw materials used in the pottery samples are ordinary fusible clay.The results show that the raw materials for pottery making at Chahai site of Xinglongwa culture are relatively poor;the pottery at Qiaotou site of Xiaoheyan culture has made significant progress in the processing of raw materials compared with Zhaobaogou culture in this area;the same kind of clay is used for the sand pottery and clay pottery at Weijiawopu site of Hongshan culture;the clay red pottery cylinder at Niuheliang site and Banlashan cemetery,and the clay red pottery and clay pottery from Banlashan cemetery.The Yellow pottery cylinder is made of different materials.In the pottery samples,feldspar group,amphibole group,pyroxene group and mica are the main mixed materials with large particles and obvious characteristics.Based on the research results of Geology and mineralogy,the origin of pottery is preliminarily determined by comparison.The results show that the raw materials for pottery making in Chahai site,Niuheliang site and Banlashan cemetery are all local materials,and pottery making is also completed near the origin of raw materials.Through observation and analysis,literature review and other methods,this paper studies the forming and finishing methods of pottery in different cultural periods.The results show that Xinglongwa cultural pottery is mainly formed by the methods of clay ring connection,mold wrapping,and kneading,and the connection between the wall and the bottom is basically by the method of wall wrapping the bottom.Zhao baogou cultural pottery is mostly made of clay snares,mainly by upright construction method,and most of the objects have the phenomenon of wall covering the bottom.Hongshan culture pottery adopts a variety of molding methods,such as clay ring connection,clay bar plate construction,molding method and kneading method,and the ceramic art has made high achievements.The pottery of Xiaoheyan culture is hand-made,which is mainly made by the method of clay strip and plate construction,and some of the pottery is also trimmed by slow wheel.The main methods of green body finishing are beating,scraping,wet hand smoothing,rolling,mud application,slow wheel finishing,etc.the main finishing tools are mussel,bone,stone,sand ceramic,etc.The diameter,bottom diameter and height of 595 cylindrical cans and 259 bowls are analyzed by mathematical statistics.The results show that the calibre and bottom diameter,calibre and through height of cylindrical tanks in each cultural period follow a certain proportion,and the structural relationship presents a relatively stable state.The cylindrical tanks show different shape characteristics in different cultural periods.Xinglongwa culture is mainly small open inclined straight wall deep belly cylindrical tanks,while Zhaobaogou culture is mainly open inclined arc wall shallow belly cylindrical tanks In Hongshan culture,most of them are big mouth inclined arc wall shallow belly cylindrical tanks,and both open mouth and closed mouth are common.In Xiaoheyan culture,most of them are small mouth inclined arc belly cylindrical tanks.Although the structural relationship of bowl is not as regular as that of cylindrical pot,it also has different characteristics in different cultural periods.Most of Xinglongwa culture is open deep belly bowl,most of Zhaobaogou culture is inclined arc belly bowl,most of Hongshan culture is big shallow belly bowl,and most of Xiaoheyan culture is big mouth bowl,with half of folding shoulder bowl.Through literature review,observation and analysis,this paper studies the decorative techniques of pottery in different cultural periods.The results show that the pottery of Xinglongwa culture mainly has two kinds of decoration:the Yin pattern and the Yang pattern.The decoration is mostly divided into three sections.In the late period,the vertical and horizontal lines are common.Zhao baogou cultural pottery is mainly decorated with Yin patterns,which can be divided into single-layer,double-layer and composite patterns.The pottery of Hongshan Culture adopts the decorative forms of Yin pattern,Yang pattern and painted pottery.The surface of the pottery is covered with two thirds of the body.The painted pottery decoration is a geometric pattern drawn in red and black.The pottery of Xiaoheyan culture adopts the decorative forms of Yin pattern,Yang pattern and painted pottery.The Yin pattern is usually decorated with the rope pattern of patting and printing,and the painted pottery is decorated with both geometric patterns and animal patterns.By means of X-ray diffraction analysis and high-performance micro area x-ray fluorescence spectrum scanning,the red pottery coat and pigment of Hongshan culture pottery were analyzed.The results show that the main color phase of red pottery coat is Fe₂O₃,and the content of Mn O in red pottery coat with rich color is relatively high.The red pigment is hematite or magnetite,and the black pigment is a mixture of manganese ore and iron ore.With the help of thermal analyzer,the firing temperature of Neolithic pottery samples in western Liaoning was tested;according to the excavated materials and pottery samples,the characteristics of pottery kilns in western Liaoning and the firing atmosphere in different periods were analyzed.The results show that there is little difference in the highest firing temperature of pottery in different cultural periods,but the theoretical firing temperature range of pottery is larger.Hongshan culture pottery kiln has distinctive local characteristics,such as the earth rock structure of kiln chamber,the application of grass and mud on the kiln wall,the stone kiln column,the double fire chamber with two chambers,and the stone grate on the kiln column.The pottery of Xinglongwa culture and Zhaobaogou culture is mostly fired in oxidizing atmosphere,and the surface of the pottery is often yellow brown,black brown,red brown and other colors.In Hongshan Culture and Xiaoheyan culture,the sand mixed grey pottery and argillaceous grey pottery are fired in reducing atmosphere,and the fire is generally high.Due to the different reducing atmosphere and holding time,the surface of the pottery presents different colors,such as dark gray,light gray,gray brown and so on.By defining the connotation of Neolithic pottery production organization,the professional production organization is divided into four types:family industry,individual workshop,centralized workshop and professional workshop.The elements of direct evidence and indirect evidence for analyzing the degree of specialization of pottery production are clarified and applied research is carried out.The results show that the pottery production in Xinglongwa culture period was completed by each household in the residential area,the products were mainly practical pottery,the pottery production technology was simple and primitive,there were obvious differences in the standardization degree of different periods and different types of pottery,the regional production diversity was obvious,and the specialization degree of pottery production would not be higher than that of family industry stage.During the period of Zhaobaogou culture,there were special pottery makers,whose products were mainly practical pottery,but also a small number of prominent pottery.Pottery production should be completed in special places in the settlement.The degree of standardization of ceramic products is relatively high,and more exquisite products reflecting higher technical level are produced,which should enter the stage of individual workshop production.During the Hongshan culture period,pottery making was a collective work activity within the clan.There were special places for pottery making,and the producers were skilled craftsmen.It should be the stage of concentrated workshop production because of its exquisite pottery making technology,high level of pottery making technology and advanced pottery production equipment and facilities.In the late Hongshan culture,the production of barrel shaped ware showed obvious specialization,reflecting a higher degree of specialization,which can be classified as the products of professional workshops.The pottery production of Danangou cemetery has used slow wheel and other tools,the technical level is relatively high,and the standardization degree of cylindrical cans has also been improved,which should not be lower than the stage of centralized workshop production.It is impossible to judge whether there is a professional workshop due to the limited materials at present.更多还原