【作者】 王军；

【导师】 彭培好；

【作者基本信息】 成都理工大学 ， 第四纪地质学， 2021， 博士

【摘要】 环境与资源问题已成为当今第四纪地质学研究的重要领域之一,第四纪区域环境地质问题、地质灾害研究与防治、第四纪生态环境地质成为应用第四纪地质学中的重要研究内容。九寨沟被誉为“人间的天堂”、“童话王国”,是国家级自然保护区、中国AAAAA级旅游景区,是国内首个为保护自然风景而建设的自然保护区,同时其在国际间被誉为世界自然遗产、世界生物圈保护区网络。2017年8月8日九寨沟7.0级地震所导致的诸多问题对景区的地貌、生态等带来了极为恶劣的损伤,对整个聚落的影响也十分深远,让景区的经济出现了很大的损失,因此在保证景观质量基础上进行灾后建设已经迫在眉睫。根据九寨沟震后崩塌滑坡景观修复的切实需求,确定了此次研究的课题,运用应用第四纪地质学的理论和方法结合遥感空间信息技术,从生态-地质-环境的思想角度,对九寨沟崩塌滑坡地质灾害进行了地质条件影响因素、成因机制以及成灾过程等方面的研究,并以植被恢复景观重建为基础对不同类型崩塌滑坡开展了分类体系构建,针对不同类型崩塌滑坡的立地条件完成对物种的选择,同时尽可能的去建立景区典型不同崩塌滑坡地质灾害防范和景观重建模式,并使用层次分析法(AHP)和专家咨询法(Delphi)对典型修复崩塌滑坡景观协调性进行了综合评判,让崩塌滑坡灾害防范和景观协调能够科学的结合,完成两者的有机统一,最终实现保护、改善景观的目标,同时也是应用第四纪地质学在生态环境学科内涵基础上的拓展实践研究。基于此,本文的主要研究内容及获得的主要结论和成果如下:(1)通过遥感解译及现场调研,运用不同的灾害评价模型对区内崩塌滑坡灾害进行了影响因素、成因机制以及成灾过程等方面的研究,站在植被重建的角度,采用第四纪地质学、恢复生态学、景观生态学等理论,对崩塌滑坡特征实施整理分析,同时对其和我国已有的崩塌滑坡生态恢复技术进行联系,充分考虑立地海拔、土壤(岩性、风化程度)等植物生长发育时的8大要素基本特性,充分尊重崩塌滑坡的地学规律,将区域内受损边坡划分为六类:(1)微风化中山整体结构平整高-超高岩质急坡面(老虎嘴式不稳定斜坡)、(2)弱风化中高山块状结构轻微凹凸中高岩质急坡面(荷叶寨后山式崩滑)、(3)弱风化中高山块状结构凹凸中高岩质急-峻坡面(五花海右岸式崩塌)、(4)强风化中高山碎裂结构轻微凹凸中低土石质陡坡面(五花海右侧中段式崩塌)、(5)强风化中高山碎裂结构凹凸中低土石质缓坡面(黑角寨道路式滑坡)、(6)全风化中山散体结构凹凸中低缓松散堆积物坡面(五花海上端式不稳定斜坡)(2)采用历史遥感影像和现场样方调查综合迹地周围地块植被调查的方式对各个地区海拔建群种和优势种详细研究后得到了16种乔木、20种灌木、12种草本,并掌握了它们在九寨沟的分布情况,为之后的物种筛选奠定了一定的基础。(3)针对典型六类崩塌滑坡开展立地条件分析,在筛选适宜物种的基础上选择出合理的搭配模式:老虎嘴式不稳定斜坡:灌-草-藓模式、灌-藓模式、草-藓模式;荷叶寨后山式崩塌适宜低矮植被:灌-草-藓模式、灌-藓模式、草-藓模式;五花海右岸式崩塌:乔-灌-草-藓模式、灌-草-藓模式;黑角寨道路式滑坡:阴坡乔-灌-草模式和灌-草模式、阳坡乔-草模式等;强风化中高山碎裂结构凹凸中低土石质缓坡面:阴坡乔-灌-草模式和灌-草模式、阳坡乔-灌-草模式和灌-草模式;五花海上端不稳定斜坡:阴坡乔-草模式和草本模式、阳坡乔-灌-草模式和灌-草模式以及草本模式。(4)通过六种不同典型类型坡面的立地条件及地质特征分别对相应坡面的崩塌滑坡防治措施:(1)老虎嘴式不稳定斜坡适用于被动防护网+桩板拦石墙+微生境创造(掘孔)+适量孔内填土+相应海拔乡土先锋乔-灌-草-藤蔓-真藓模式;(2)荷叶寨后山式崩塌适合被动防护网+桩板拦石墙+相应海拔乡土先锋乔-灌-草-藤蔓-真藓模式+一定量孔内填土;(3)五花海右岸式崩塌适合清方+一定量填土+挂网喷播+主动防护网、相应海拔乡土藤蔓、穴植乔木+灌草先锋物种模式;(4)五花海右侧中段式崩塌适合清方+主动防护网+穴植乔木+相应海拔乡土灌草类先锋物种自然播种模式;(5)黑角寨道路式滑坡适合清方+主动防护网+穴植乔木+相应海拔乡土灌草类先锋物种自然播种模式;(6)五花海上端不稳定斜坡适用于清方+穴植乔木+主动防护网+相应海拔乡土灌草类先锋物种自然播种模式。(5)根据九寨沟景区震后受损边坡植被修复景观特殊性并结合了前人已有研究方法,综合层次分析法(AHP)、专家咨询法(Delphi)建立了九寨沟景区震后受损边坡植被修复的景观协调性评价体系。该体系由三部分组成,即景观内部协调、外部景观协调以及整体美学效果,对各项指标的内在含义进行阐述,并对其对应的评估标准进行界定。其次充分发挥综合指数法的作用,对景观协调度展开相对精确的计算,并根据协调度的具体数据确定等级评价标准。最后运用新构建的评价方法对六类典型崩塌滑坡修复模式进行了评价计算,得出协调度综合评价指标(B)分别为4.6.、4.6、5.4、6、6.6、7.2,景观协调度得分(M)及等级分别为(57.5,Ⅲ级)、(57.5,Ⅲ级)、(67.5,Ⅲ级)、(75,Ⅱ级)、(82.5,Ⅰ级)、(90,Ⅰ级),研究结果表明九寨沟景区震后受损边坡植被修复景观后与周围景观协调性良好。更多还原

【Abstract】 Environmental and resource problems have become one of the important fields of quaternary geology.Regional environmental geological problems,geological disaster research and prevention,and ecological environmental geology have become important research contents in applied quaternary geology.Known as "Heaven On Earth" and "Fairy Tale Kingdom",Jiuzhai Vally is a national nature reserve and AAAAA level tourist attraction in China.It is the first nature reserve in China to be built for the purpose of protecting natural scenery.It is also known internationally as a world natural heritage and the world network of biosphere reserves.The problems caused by the 7.0-magnitude Jiuzhai Vally earthquake on August 8,2017 have caused great damage to the landscape and ecology of the scenic area and had a far-reaching impact on the whole settlement,resulting in a great loss to the area’s economy.Therefore,it is urgent to carry out post-disaster construction on the basis of ensuring the quality of the landscape.Based on the ecological restoration project after the 5 · 12 Earthquake in Wenchuan and the key project of Sichuan Provincial Education Department,this paper determines the research topic according to the real demand for the restoration of landslide landscape after the earthquake in Jiuzhai Vally.Based on the theory and method of quaternary geology and the information technology of remote sensing space,this study studied the factors affecting geological conditions,genetic mechanism and disaster process of Jiuzhai Vally landslide from the perspective of eco-geology-environment.Furthermore,based on vegetation restoration and landscape reconstruction,this study constructed a classification system for different types of landslides,selected species according to the site conditions of different types of landslides,and tried to establish typical geological disaster prevention and landscape reconstruction modes for different types of landslides in the scenic area.In this study,the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)and expert consultation method(Delphi)were used to comprehensively evaluate the coordination of typical restoration landslide landscape.This study combined landslide disaster prevention and landscape coordination in a scientific way to achieve the organic unity of the two,and finally realized the goal of protecting and improving the landscape.It is also the extension and practical research of applied quaternary geology based on the connotation of ecological environment discipline.Based on this,the main research contents and main conclusions and results obtained in this paper are as follows:(1)By means of remote sensing interpretation and field investigation,different disaster evaluation models are used to study the influencing factors,genetic mechanism and disaster process of landslide disaster in the scenic area.From the perspective of vegetation reconstruction,the characteristics of landslide were analyzed by using quaternary geology,restoration ecology,landscape ecology and other theories.At the same time,in connection with the domestic existing landslide ecological recovery technology,this study fully considered the site elevation,soil(lithology,weathering degree)and the 8 basic characteristics of plant growth and development elements,fully respected the geological rules of landslide,and classified the site damage landslide into six types:(1)Laohuzui landslide,(2)Heyezhai landslide,(3)Wuhuahai Lake right bank landslide,(4)Wuhuahai Lake right middle section landslide,(5)Heijiaozhai village highway landslide,(6)Unstable slope of the top of Wuhuahai lake.(2)Using historical remote sensing image and combining the field quadrat investigation and the surrounding land vegetation investigation,16 kinds of trees,20 kinds of shrubs and 12 kinds of herbs were found after a detailed study of the edificator and dominant species in different altitude regions.Their scattered distribution in Jiuzhai Vally was mastered,which has laid a certain foundation for the following species selection.(3)Based on the analysis of site conditions of six typical types of landslide,a reasonable collocation pattern was selected on the basis of selecting suitable species:Laohuzui landslide: shrub-grass-moss pattern,shrub-moss pattern,grass-moss pattern;Heyezhai landslide suitable for low vegetation: shrub-grass-moss pattern,shrub-moss pattern,grass-moss pattern;Wuhuahai lake right bank type landslide:arbor-shrub-grass-moss pattern,shrub-grass-moss pattern;Heijiaozhai village highway landslide: shady slope arbor-shrub-grass pattern,shrub-grass pattern,sunny slope arbor-grass pattern,etc;For the concave and convex,medium and low rocky soil on the gentle slopes of the highly weathered fractured structures in the middle and high mountains: the arbor-shrub-grass pattern and shady slope shrub-grass pattern,the arbor-shrub-grass pattern and sunny slope shrub-grass pattern;Unstable slopes at the top of Wuhuahai lake: shady slope arbor-grass pattern and herb pattern,sunny slope arbor-shrub-grass pattern and shrub-grass pattern and herb pattern.(4)According to the site conditions and geological characteristics of six different typical types of slopes,the prevention and control measures of landslide on the corresponding slopes are as follows:(1)Laohuzui landslide is suitable for passive protective mesh +pile-plate block wall+ micro-habitat creation(digging)+appropriate amount of soil in the hole + corresponding elevation local pioneer Joe-shrub-grass-vine-bryum pattern;(2)Heyezhai backhill type landslide is suitable for passive protective net + litter-plate block wall+ corresponding altitude local pioneer joe-shrub-grass-vine-bryum pattern+ a certain amount of soil in the hole;(3)Wuhuahai Lake right bank landslide is suitable for clear the rock + certain amount of soil filling + hanging net spraying + active protection net,corresponding altitude native vine,hole planting trees +shrub grass pioneer species pattern;(4)The middle section of the landslide on the right of Wuhuahai Lake is suitable for clear the rock +active protection net + hole planting trees + natural sowing of pioneer species of local irrigation grass at the corresponding altitude pattern;(5)Heyezhai high landslide suitable for: clear the rock + active protection net + hole planting trees + natural sowing of native irrigation grass pioneer species in corresponding elevation pattern;(6)the unstable slope at the upper end of Wuhuahai Lake is suitable for: clear the rock+ hole planting and trees + active protection net +natural seeding of pioneer species of local irrigation and grass at the corresponding altitude pattern.(5)According to the particularity of restoration landscape of post-earthquake damaged landslide vegetation in Jiuzhai Vally scenic spot,a landscape coordination evaluation system for restoration of post-earthquake damaged slope vegetation in Jiuzhai Vally scenic spot was established by combining the existing research methods of predecessors and integrating analytic hierarchy process(AHP)and expert consultation method(Delphi).The system is composed of three parts,namely,the internal coordination of landscape,the external coordination of landscape and the overall aesthetic effect.Secondly,the system gives full play to the function of the comprehensive index method,carries out relatively accurate calculation of the degree of landscape coordination,and determines the rating evaluation standard according to the specific data of the degree of coordination.Finally,six types of the typical landslide restoration pattern were evaluated using the newly built evaluation method,it is concluded that the comprehensive evaluation index(B)4.6,4.6,5.4,6,6.6,7.2,landscape coordination degree score(M)and grade(57.5,Ⅲ level),respectively(57.5 and Ⅲ level),(67.5,Ⅲ level),(75,Ⅱ level),(82.5,Ⅰ level),(90,Ⅰlevel).The research results show that the restoration of the vegetation of the damaged landslide in post-earthquake Jiuzhai Vally has a good coordination with the surrounding landscape.更多还原