【作者】 王敏；

【导师】 韩美；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 自然地理学， 2021， 博士

【摘要】 随着人类对海岸带的开发利用,围海造田、滨海养殖以及港口与航道建设等近岸人类活动规模与强度不断增大,破坏了沿岸的生态环境,制约了海岸带的可持续发展。莱州湾是渤海的三大海湾之一,石油天然气、卤水、矿产和生物资源丰富,近年来随着资源开发和港口建设,围填海规模不断加大,人工岸线迅速增长、自然岸线近乎消失,海岸带生物多样性与生态系统健康面临严峻挑战,深入研究莱州湾海岸带人类活动的类型及其动态变化,探索典型人类活动对海岸带生态系统影响,并对莱州湾海岸带生态系统进行预警研究,对于保护海岸带生态系统,实现海岸带资源的可持续利用具有重要意义。本论文以5期遥感解译数据和大量的社会经济数据为基础,参考诸多研究成果,主要开展了四个方面的研究:首先,构建人类活动强度的评价指标体系,对1980-2018年莱州湾海岸带人类活动的强度进行动态评价。其次,划分为近岸陆域子系统、海岸线和滩涂子系统与近岸海域子系统,分别探索人类活动对莱州湾海岸带各生态子系统的影响。再次,采用压力-状态-响应模型(PSR)实现人类活动对莱州湾海岸带生态系统的综合影响评价,运用可拓云模型对莱州湾海岸带生态系统安全状况进行预警。最后,针对性地提出莱州湾海岸带生态系统可持续发展的对策和建议。主要研究结论如下:(1)1980-2018年莱州湾海岸带人类活动强度具有明显的时空变化规律基于莱州湾海岸带的实际情况,构建了一套适宜于评价海岸带地区人类活动的指标体系,对莱州湾海岸带人类活动的动态变化和内部差异进行了细致研究。研究时段内莱州湾海岸带人类活动强度随时间具有明显增强趋势,其中,2000-2010年间增长幅度最大,莱州湾南岸和西岸人类活动强度最大,寿光市、垦利区、东营区人类活动强度一直处于较高水平。(2)人类活动对莱州湾海岸带三个生态子系统的影响具有差异性建立了人类活动与海岸带生态系统之间的权衡协同系统关系定量分析模型,分析结果显示:研究时段内人类活动与近岸陆域生态子系统之间的相互作用逐渐增强,耦合度和耦合协调度均呈增长趋势,耦合协调度越高的地区,人类活动与生态系统之间的协同关系越明显。随着人类活动的增强,海岸线总长度增加,自然岸线减少,人工岸线增加,海岸线更加曲折;人类活动强度与滩涂面积、滩涂面积变化率、盐田养殖池面积及建设用地面积均呈明显的正相关关系。近岸海域子系统并未受到人类活动的极强影响,综合影响的最高值为0.74,强烈影响区占研究区总面积的30%左右,60%为中度影响区和微弱影响区,滨海滩涂利用、农业生产、交通运输、城镇化水平为较为强烈的人类活动类型。(3)基于压力-状态-响应模型和可拓云模型的莱州湾海岸带生态系统综合评价和预警运用压力-状态-响应模型评价人类活动影响下莱州湾海岸带生态系统的综合健康状况,五个时段的评价结果分别是健康、健康、亚健康、不健康和亚健康,呈现先变差后改善的趋势。采用可拓云模型对2025、2030年生态系统进行预警研究,结果显示在现状趋势延续情景下莱州湾海岸带2025年的生态安全级别为Ⅲ级黄色预警,并有向橙色变化的趋势,2030年的预测结果为Ⅱ级橙色预警,但具有向Ⅲ级黄色预警变好的趋势;在生态环境保护情景下莱州湾海岸带2025年和2030年的生态安全级别均为Ⅲ级黄色预警,并有向Ⅳ级蓝色预警改善的趋势。(4)莱州湾海岸带生态系统可持续发展的建议从规范海岸带人类活动、保护重要的生态敏感区及加强海岸带生态系统的监测和科学研究三个方面对莱州湾海岸带的可持续发展提出对策和建议。要抑制莱州湾海岸带生态系统的恶化趋势使其向良性健康状态发展,必须严格控制海岸带滨海湿地利用强度,加强土地的集约节约利用,合理布局海岸带养殖产业,加强海岸带生态环境监测和科学研究,从源头上减轻海岸带生态系统的压力。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the development and utilization of the coastal zone,the scale and intensity of nearshore human activities such as reclamation of land from the sea,coastal aquaculture,port and waterway construction are increasing,which destroys the coastal ecological environment and restricts the sustainable development of the coastal zone.The Laizhou Bay is one of the three bays in the Bohai Sea.It is rich in oil,natural gas,brine,mineral,and biological resources.In recent years,along with the port construction,industrial,and mining enterprises,the scale of reclamation has been increasing,the artificial coastline is growing rapidly,the natural coastline is almost disappeared,and the biodiversity and ecosystem health of coastal zone are facing severe challenges.Deeply study the types and dynamic changes of human activities in the coastal zone of the Laizhou Bay,and explore the effect of typical human activities on the coastal ecosystem,and carries on the early warning research of Laizhou Bay coastal zone ecosystem,which is of great significance to protect the coastal ecosystem and realize the sustainable utilization of coastal resources.Based on remote sensing images in different five periods and a large amount of socio-economic data,this study focuses on the intensity of human activities in the Laizhou Bay and exploration of its impact on the coastal ecosystem through four sections.First,an index system is constructed to dynamically evaluate the changes in human activity intensity from 1980 to 2018.Secondly,the effects of human activities on the coastal ecosystem are investigated from three aspects: the nearshore land subsystem,the shoreline,and tidal flat subsystem and the nearshore sea subsystem.Thirdly,the pressure-state-response(PSR)model is used to warn the security status of the coastal ecosystem.Finally,the countermeasures and suggestions are proposed for sustainable development in this region.The main conclusions are:(1)The intensity of human activities in the coastal zone of the Laizhou Bay has an obvious temporal and spatial variation from 1980 to 2018.A set of index system evaluating human activities in the coastal zone is constructed.The intensity of human activities in the coastal zone of this region increased significantly during the studied period,and with the largest increase from 2000 to 2010.The intensity of human activities in Shouguang city,Kenli of Dongying City remained at a high level.(2)Human activities have different impacts on the three ecological subsystems of the Laizhou Bay in the coastal zone.This study established a quantitative analysis model of the trade-off cooperative system relationship between human activities and the coastal ecosystem,which considers both the internal differences of the coastal ecosystem and the integrity of the ecosystem.The interaction between human activities and the ecosystem in the coastal zone of the Laizhou Bay gradually increased from 1980 to 2018.The coupling coordination degree between human activities and ecosystem has a good correlation with regional economic development.Where there is a higher the coupling coordination degree,there is the more obvious the cooperative relationship between human activities and the ecological system.The length of artificial shoreline and natural shoreline,the total area of shoreline and the area of salt-breeding ponds are main indicators associated with the intensity of human activities.With the increased intensity of human activities,the total length of the coastline increases,the natural coastline decreases,and the artificial coastline increases,resulting in a more tortuous coastline.The intensity of human activities is positively correlated with the area of tidal flats,the change rate of tidal flats,the area of salt ponds,and construction land.The nearshore sea area subsystem has not been strongly affected the coastal zone.The maximum comprehensive impact is 0.74,and the strongly affected area accounts for ～ 30% of the total area in the study area.Most of the other areas are moderately and weakly affected areas,accounting for ～ 60% of the total area.Among them,reclamation and port shipping are the most dominant human activities,followed by sewage discharge,mariculture and marine salt industry,which of them has a medium degree impact.(3)Comprehensive evaluation and early warning of coastal ecosystem in the Laizhou Bay based on Stress-State-Response and Extension Cloud Model.The Stress-State-Response(PSR)model was used to evaluate the comprehensive health status of the coastal ecosystem in Laizhou Bay under the influence of human activities.It was found that the health status of the coastal ecosystem in five periods were health,health,sub-health,unhealthy and sub-health respectively,and firstly showed a deterioration trend and then an improved trend.The extension cloud model is used to study the early warning of the Laizhou Bay coastal ecosystem in 2025 and2030.The results show that under the scenario of the continuation of the current situation,the ecological security level will be level Ⅲ(yellow warning)in 2025,with a trend of orange change,and the forecast results will be level Ⅱ(orange warning)in2030,but has a trend of improving to level Ⅲ yellow warning.Under the scenario of ecological environment protection,the ecological security levels of Laizhou Bay coastal zone in 2025 and 2030 are level Ⅲ,and the trend of improvement to level Ⅳ(blue warning).(4)Countermeasures and suggestions for sustainable development of coastal ecosystem in the Laizhou BayThe countermeasures and suggestions for the sustainable development of the Laizhou Bay coastal zone were proposed from three aspects: standardizing human activities in the coastal zone,protecting important ecologically sensitive areas and strengthening the monitoring and scientific research of the coastal zone ecosystem.To curb the deterioration trend of the coastal zone ecosystem of the Laizhou Bay and develop it sinto a benign and healthy state,the utilization intensity of coastal wetland in the coastal zone should be strictly controlled,strengthen the monitoring and scientific research of coastal ecological environment,and fundamentally reduce/solve the pressure of coastal ecosystem in this region.更多还原