【作者】 李娜；

【导师】 贾中海；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 国外马克思主义研究， 2021， 博士

【摘要】 犹如人们在使用“服装”这一概念之前已经穿着某种东西一样,哲学家们在创制出“意识形态”这一概念之前,也已经生活在意识形态之中。可以看出,意识形态与个体之间有着密切联系。而意识形态概念和狭义的文化概念在内涵上存在着相互重叠的部分,因而当代西方马克思主义者们常常把这两个概念混合在一起使用。这意味着,文化作为一种时代精神的表征,作为一种生活方式,贯穿于意识形态问题的始终。尤其二战后,西方资本主义社会进入了新发展阶段,科技的发展和生产力水平的提升,西欧国家人们的物质生活需要得到空前满足的同时,物欲化风气渐为流行。与之相应,文化呈现出商品化、形象化、空间化的姿态和特征。在这种文化氛围下,以福山为代表的“历史终结论”论调尘嚣日上,马克思主义有效性遭受质疑和挑战。正是基于透视、揭露这种文化的病症,詹姆逊主张对这样一个浸透着各种信息和“审美”体验的社会采取一种“历史主义”的和“辩证”的文化分析,从而达到对晚期资本主义文化规律的“理解”。作为一名马克思主义学者,以维护马克思主义意识形态理论为己任,詹姆逊一方面主动迎接“历史终结论”提出的思想挑战,他澄清了福山对马克思历史终结的误读,驳斥了福山历史终结论的唯心主义倾向。另一方面,詹姆逊继承了马克思的意识形态理论,吸收了西方马克思主义卢卡奇的物化理论,存在主义萨特的总体化理论,法兰克福学派的“文化工业”批判美学理论以及结构主义阿尔图塞的意识形态理论等,旨在为构建自己的意识形态分析模式奠定思想基础。为了真正构建基于晚期资本主义社会的马克思主义意识形态分析模式,詹姆逊重新对整个马克思主义意识形态理论发展史——从传统到现代——系统的梳理和评判,提出了马克思主义意识形态理论发展史的两阶段说。这两阶段包括传统马克思主义意识形态论三种分析模式还原论的理论分析和现代马克思主义意识形态论四种类型历史性分裂的批判。实际上,詹姆逊对马克思主义意识形态论发展史的两个主要阶段及其七种具体分析模式的理论分析和批判,旨在强调马克思主义传统中的诸意识形态分析模式各有不足和缺陷,并无本质性的优劣之分,每种不同分析模式的优势是可以根据分析对象与主题的转换进行综合运用。由此,他主张对现代社会特别是晚期资本主义社会采取一种“历史主义”的和“辩证”的文化分析,在这里,理论分析及其结论性观点得到了具体运用。当然,这同时也构成了他本人对马克思主义意识形态论的阐释和再阐释,并因此试图超越和克服传统理论的局限和当代理论的极端。围绕着文化历史主义意识形态分析模式构建所面临的一个问题是对传统解决历史解释的意识形态性困境反思。无论是文物研究直接否定历史主义困境,存在历史主义解决历史主义困境过程中又陷入到新的困境之中,还是尼采式以“历史主义”之名反历史主义,结构类型学的主客体结构单一性,在本质上都没有彻底解决历史主义意识形态性困境。在廓清历史解释的意识形态性困境之“迷雾”的基础上,詹姆逊指认马克思主义生产方式理论中可以找到解脱历史主义困境的办法。通过对生产方式概念的历时性和共时性考察,使生产方式概念升华为一种总体性结构系统。当生产方式本身转变为整个社会关系的共时系统之时,存在于系统之内各个层面的半自主性表征着经济的这种最终决定作用实质为一种“不作用”。文化、意识形态、司法、政治、经济等各个层面之间既相互连接,又相互转化,在这个系统内文化与经济之间超乎一般的密切,这也是晚期资本主义社会显而易见的事实。詹姆逊对马克思主义意识形态论发展史的两个主要阶段及其七种具体分析模式的理论分析和批判,以及对传统解决历史解释的意识形态性困境反思的基础上确立了文化历史主义意识形态分析模式的解释原则,在总体性、辩证性和历史性框架之内构建了“三重视域”的马克思主义意识形态解释学分析视角。其理论的最终诉求,旨在晚期资本主义境域下重新恢复马克思主义意识形态批判功能,这与马克思主义与时俱进的理论品格是一致的。詹姆逊从理论与实践、历史与现实相结合的视角,从“理论建构”进一步走向理论的“自我运用”。首先把其构建的意识形态解释学用于资本主义文化分期理论中,透视出资本主义每一历史阶段与之相应的文化逻辑。而晚期资本主义文化在这一历史化的过程中变得面目全非,不仅“揭秘”了这种新的文化形式实质为文化逻辑,还“解码”其隐蔽的资本的扩张逻辑、镜像化的统治逻辑以及文化殖民的霸权逻辑之意识形态帷幕。“在哪里跌倒,要在哪里爬起”,詹姆逊深知晚期资本主义社会中,个体深受扭曲的、压抑的生存上的文化困境,然而他把超越“超空间”的文化政治使命寄托于认知绘图这一策略,旨在“期待着一个全球范围内的无产阶级化的过程”。可见,文化层面遭遇的困境也要从文化政治层面来寻找到突破文化藩篱之力量。詹姆逊的认知绘图策略本质上是“阶级意识”的符码,希望通过认知绘图来唤醒晚期资本主义社会中受压迫群体的觉醒,建立起反抗体制的联盟政治,从而朝着社会主义自由人联合体的方向发展。总之,詹姆逊致力于马克思主义有效性的当代阐释,认为马克思早已为我们确立了对待后现代主义的“恰当立场”,所以,詹姆逊可以直面晚期资本主义社会中“中心的消解”、“基础的塌陷”以及“历史的终结”等惊世之叹。捍卫晚期资本主义阶段之马克思主义的有效性,作为一种兴趣、作为一种吁求,贯穿于詹姆逊思想体系的始终。可以说,詹姆逊重新阐释、重新构建的马克思主义意识形态解释学分析模式,为恢复马克思主义的历史地位、激活马克思主义的方法论的生命力和拓宽马克思主义意识形态理论的研究视野等方面做出了重要的理论贡献。但毫无疑问,詹姆逊也存在重构马克思主义意识形态分析模式的缺陷、“修正”马克思主义唯物史观上存在的偏颇以及他提出认知绘图策略中构想政治联盟的乌托邦色彩等理论局限。无论如何,詹姆逊的文化历史主义意识形态理论也可以从不同的方面和不同的层次上为我国社会主义意识形态建设提供一些可贵的理论参考和理论资源。更多还原

【Abstract】 Just as people wore something before they used the concept of “clothing,”Philosophers lived in ideologies before they invented the concept of “ideology”.It can be seen that there is a close connection between ideology and individuals.And the concept of ideology and the narrow sense of the concept of culture in the connotation of the existing overlapping parts.As a result,contemporary western marxists often use these two concepts in a mixed way.This means that culture,as a representation of the spirit of The Times and as a way of life,runs through the whole issue of ideology.Especially after World War II,Western capitalist society entered a new stage of development.With the development of science and technology and the improvement of productivity,the material needs of people in Western European countries were met unprecedentedly.At the same time,the trend of materialization gradually became popular.Correspondingly,culture presents the posture and characteristics of commercialization,visualization and space.In this cultural atmosphere,the argument of "the end of history" represented by Fukuyama has become increasingly noisy,and the validity of Marxism has been questioned and challenged.It is on the basis of perspective and exposure of the disease of this culture that Jameson advocates a "historical" and "dialectical" cultural analysis of such a society saturated with all kinds of information and "aesthetic" manifestations,so as to "understand" the cultural laws of late capitalism.As a marxist scholar who takes it as his duty to maintain marxist ideological theory,Jameson,on the one hand,takes the initiative to meet the ideological challenge posed by "the end of history conclusion",clarifies fukuyama’s misreading of marxist end of history and refutes fukuyama’s idealism tendency of the end of history conclusion.Jameson,on the other hand,inherited Marx’s ideology theory,absorbing the western marxism lukacs materialization theory,Sartre’s existentialism theory as a whole,the Frankfurt school’s critique of aesthetic theory "culture industry" and the alto plug ideology of structuralism theory,etc.,to build their own ideological analysis model to lay the ideological foundation.In order to truly construct a model of Marxist ideological analysis based on the late capitalist society,Jameson re-systematically sorts out and evaluates the development history of Marxist ideological theory,from tradition to modernity,and puts forward a two-stage theory of the development history of Marxist ideological theory.These two stages include the theoretical analysis of the three modes of traditional Marxist ideology and the criticism of the four types of historical split of modern Marxist ideology.In fact,Jameson ideology theory of marxism development history of the two main stages and seven concrete analysis model of the theory analysis and criticism,is designed to emphasize the ideology of the marxist tradition,each have insufficient and defect analysis,there is no essential,or each of the different analysis model can be based on the analysis of the advantages of conversion to the integrated use of object and subject.One of the problems facing the construction of the ideological analysis model of cultural historicism is to reflect on the ideological dilemma of the traditional solution to historical interpretation.Both cultural relic research direct negation historicism,historicism and solve historicism trouble again to the new trouble in the process,or type in the name of "historicism" Nietzsche historicism,structure typology of subject and object structure of oneness,in essence is not completely solve the history of socialist ideology.On the basis of clearing the "fog" of the ideological dilemma of historical interpretation,Jameson points out that the way out of the dilemma of historicism can be found in the theory of Marxist mode of production.Through the diachronic and synchronic investigation of the concept of mode of production,the concept of mode of production is sublimated to a kind of total structure system.When the mode of production itself is transformed into a synchronic system of the whole social relations,the semi-autonomy existing in all levels of the system shows that the ultimate decisive role of economy is essentially a non-role.Culture,ideology,justice,politics,economy and other aspects of the interconnection,and mutual transformation,in this system between the culture and economy beyond the general close,which is also the late capitalist society obvious fact.Jameson ideology theory of marxism development history of the two main stages and seven concrete analysis model of the theory analysis and criticism,as well as to solve the ideology of historical explanation on the history of traditional dilemma reflection established on the basis of the cultural history of socialist ideology,the interpretation of the principle analysis on the overall,dialectical and historical framework to build the "triple horizon" of marxist ideology hermeneutic perspective.The ultimate appeal of his theory is to restore the critical function of Marxist ideology in the context of late capitalism,which is consistent with the theoretical character of Marxism keeping pace with The Times.From the perspective of combining theory with practice,history with reality,Jameson moves further from "theoretical construction" to "self-application" of theory.Firstly,the ideology hermeneutics constructed is applied to the theory of capitalist cultural stages,and the corresponding cultural logic of each historical stage of capitalism is explored.In the process of historicalization,the late capitalist culture has changed beyond recognition,which not only "reveals" the essence of this new cultural form as cultural logic,but also "decodes" the ideological curtain of its hidden logic of capital expansion,the rule logic of mirroring and the hegemony logic of cultural colonization."Where is the fall,where to climb up",Jameson understands that individual was distorted,late capitalism society repressed culture on the survival predicament,but he put beyond the cultural politics of "hyperspace" mission lies in cognitive mapping a strategy,intended to "look forward to a global proletarianization process".It can be seen that the difficulties encountered at the cultural level also need to find the strength to break through the cultural barriers at the cultural and political level.Jameson’s cognitive mapping strategy is essentially the code of "class consciousness",hoping to awaken the awareness of the oppressed groups in the late capitalist society through cognitive mapping,and to establish the union politics against the system,so as to develop toward the direction of the union of socialist freemen.In short,Jameson is committed to the contemporary interpretation of Marx’s philosophy and believes that Marx has already established the “proper position” for us to deal with postmodernism.Therefore,Jameson can face up to the "disintegration of the center","collapse of the foundation" and "the end of history" in the late capitalist society.To defend the validity of Marxism in the stage of late capitalism,as a kind of interest,as a kind of appeal,runs through Jameson’s ideological system.It can be said that Jameson’s reinterpretation and reconstruction of Marxist ideology hermeneutics analysis model has made important theoretical contributions to restoring the historical status of Marxism,activating the vitality of Marxist methodology and broadening the research field of Marxist ideology theory.But there is no doubt that Jameson also has the defects of reconstructing Marxist ideological analysis model,the bias of "revising" Marxist historical materialism,and the utopian color of constructing political union in his cognitive mapping strategy.In any case,Jameson’s ideological theory of cultural historicism can also provide some valuable theoretical reference and theoretical resources for the construction of socialist ideology in China from different aspects and levels.更多还原