【作者】 张媛媛；

【导师】 王前；

【作者基本信息】 大连理工大学 ， 哲学， 2020， 博士

【摘要】 人工智能的发展使人类智能得到了不断增强,为人类社会生活提供了高效与便捷的手段,但人工智能对人类智能的不断替代也开始引发人类未来是否会被人工智能控制、伤害甚至彻底取代的担忧。人工智能对人类智能产生了正负两方面的影响,其中正面影响是主流,其表现形态往往是明晰的、确定的、有显著效益的;而负面的影响是在不合理的应用中出现的,其表现形态往往是隐蔽的、不确定的、难以把握的。人们应该如何从伦理角度看待这些正面影响和负面影响的关系?这种关系可能引发哪些伦理风险?这些伦理风险涉及哪些伦理责任问题?人们又应该采取哪些伦理对策?这些问题都需要进行深刻的反思。就人工智能对人类智能的影响开展伦理反思,需要以“人本主义”的伦理思想作为理论基础。“人本主义”的伦理思想既包含中国传统伦理思想中对人的根本地位以及人与技术关系的理解,也包括康德义务论伦理学所强调的“人是目的而不是手段”的伦理原则。这方面的伦理反思还需要运用现代责任伦理学和机器人伦理学的思想资源,为进一步研究相关的伦理责任问题和提供伦理对策奠定思想根基。在此基础上,本文就人工智能对人类智能影响的伦理风险进行了具体分析,从人的感知能力、思维能力、交往能力、就业能力这四个方面入手,结合相关案例展开讨论,指出人工智能对人类智能影响有哪些实际体现,为什么说其中蕴含伦理风险。人工智能对人类感知能力的增强是显著的,但其不合理应用可能导致人的天然感知能力的弱化、信息获取与数据处理的碎片化以及在虚拟世界中的感知错乱;人工智能的应用大大强化了人类的思维能力,但其不合理应用可能导致逻辑思维与直觉思维的关系失衡、人的智商与情商的作用弱化以及算法决策对自主性的限制;人工智能的应用明显改善了人类的交往能力,但其不合理应用可能导致人际直接交往与间接交往的关系失衡、交往的社会化面临挑战以及与机器人交往的责任问题;人工智能的应用一方面创造了许多新的就业机会,另一方面可能带来产业转型引发的失业、人的就业适应能力下降,使得人的全面发展面临新挑战。人工智能的发展应该促进人类社会的不断进步和人的全面发展,但人工智能的不合理应用产生的负面影响会违背“以人为本”的伦理原则。在这种情况下,既不能由于存在这些负面影响而简单限制人工智能的发展,也不能忽视这些负面影响而放弃应有的防范。因此,必须就人工智能对人类智能影响的伦理风险进行深入的反思,使人工智能技术的设计者、制造者、使用者、管理者都承担相应的伦理责任,预先或及时控制伦理风险,以保证人工智能技术的健康发展。要反思人工智能对人类智能影响可能引发的伦理风险,关键在于厘清相应的伦理责任,解决其中谁应该负责,承担何种责任,如何承担责任等问题。本文围绕利益相关者的伦理责任分析、利益共同体的伦理责任认定以及相关伦理责任的实现途径展开探讨。人工智能对人类智能影响所涉及的设计者、制造者、使用者、管理者的伦理责任,要通过利益共同体加以认定,既要强调利益相关者的伦理责任分担,也要强调对相关伦理责任的制度监管和舆论监督。而要落实相关伦理责任,需要通过相关伦理准则的制定与伦理评估、利益相关者的自律,以及开展负责任创新等途径。在就人工智能对人类智能影响进行伦理责任分析的基础上,本文进一步讨论了人工智能与人类智能协同发展的途径。这需要遵循“人本主义”的协同发展原则、公平正义的原则、循序替代的原则和动态调适的原则。本文还强调落实道德行为规范与开展伦理意识教育在人工智能与人类智能协同发展中的重要作用,以更好地规避人工智能对人类智能可能造成的负面影响。在道德行为规范方面,不仅要注重伦理风险的前瞻性识别与控制,避免急功近利的选择,还要充分发挥商谈伦理的作用。而在伦理意识教育方面,则要注重科学与人文的交融、理性与直觉的互动以及知行合一的要求。更多还原

【Abstract】 The development of artificial intelligence has continuously enhanced human intelligence,providing efficient and convenient means for human social life.However,the constant substitution of artificial intelligence for human intelligence has also started to cause concerns about whether human beings will be controlled,hurt or even completely replaced by artificial intelligence in the future.Artificial intelligence has produced positive and negative influence on human intelligence,among which the positive influence is the mainstream usually with clear,certain and significant manifestation,while most of the negative influence appears in unreasonable applications often with hidden,uncertain and difficult to grasp manifestation.How should people view the relationship between the positive and negative influence from an ethical perspective?What ethical risks might this relationship raise?What ethical liability issues are involved in these ethical risks?What ethical strategies should people take?All these issues require deep reflections.To carry out ethical reflections on the influence of artificial intelligence on human intelligence,the ethical thought of "humanism" need be taken as the theoretical basis.The ethical thought of "humanism" not only includes the understanding of the fundamental status of human beings and the relationship between human beings and technology in traditional Chinese ethical thoughts,but also includes the ethical principle of "treat humanity never simply as a mean,but always at the same time as an end" emphasized by Kant’s deontology.To carry out ethical reflections on this aspect,it is also necessary to use the ideological resources of modern responsibility ethics and Roboethics to lay an ideological foundation for further research on the relevant ethical responsibility issues and ethical countermeasures.On this basis,this paper will concretely analyze the ethical risks caused by the influence of artificial intelligence on human intelligence,from the four aspects of human’s perception ability,thinking ability,communication ability,employment ability,discuss with relevant cases,and point out that what is the actual performance of the influence of artificial intelligence on human intelligence and why it contains ethical risks.The enhancement of artificial intelligence to human perception ability is significant,but its unreasonable applications may cause the weakening of human’s natural perception ability,the fragmentation of information acquisition and data processing and perception disorder in the virtual world.The applications of artificial intelligence have greatly strengthened human thinking ability,but its unreasonable applications may cause the imbalance between logical thinking and intuitive thinking,the weakening of the role of human’s IQ and EQ and the influence of algorithm decision on autonomy.The applications of artificial intelligence have obviously improved human communication ability,but its unreasonable applications may cause the imbalance between interpersonal direct communication and indirect communication,the challenges faced by the socialization of communication and the responsibility issues in communication with robots.The applications of artificial intelligence have created many new jobs on the one hand,and on the other hand it may bring about the unemployment caused by industrial transformation,the decline of human’s employment adaptability and make the comprehensive development of human beings face new chanllenges.The development of artificial intelligence should have promoted the continuous progress of human society and the comprehensive development of human beings,but the possible negative influence caused by its unreasonable applications may violate the ethical principle of "people-oriented".In this case,neither can simply restrict the development of artificial intelligence due to these negative effects,nor can we ignore these negative effects and give up due precautions.Therefore,it is necessary to conduct in-depth reflections on the ethical risks of the influence of artificial intelligence on human intelligence,and make all the designers,manufacturers,users and managers of artificial intelligence bear the corresponding ethical responsibilities,and control the ethical risks in advance or in time,in order to ensure the healthy development of artificial intelligence technology.To reflect on the ethical risks caused by the influence of artificial intelligence on human intelligence,the key lies in clarifying the corresponding ethical responsibilities,and solving the problems of who should be responsible,what kind of responsibilities to take and how to take responsibilities.This paper will discuss mainly on the analysis of the stakeholders’ethical responsibilities,the identification of the ethical responsibilities of the community of interests and the ways to realize the relevant ethical responsibilities.The ethical responsibilities,taken by the designers,manufacturers,users and managers involved in the influence of artificial intelligence on human intelligence,need be identified through the community of interests,emphasizing not only the sharing of ethical responsibilities among stakeholders,but also the system regulation and public opinion supervision of relevant ethical responsibilities.The implementation of relevant ethical responsibilities need be achieved through such ways as the formulation of relevant ethical codes and ethical evaluation,the self-discipline of stakeholders and responsible innovation.Based on analyzing the influence of artificial intelligence on human intelligence,this paper will further discuss the ways of coordinated and mutual development of artificial intelligence and human intelligence.This needs to follow the coordinated and mutual development principle of "humanism",the principle of fairness and justice,the principle of sequential replacement and the principle of dynamic adjustment.This paper also emphasizes the important role of implementating moral conduct codes and ethical awareness education in the coordinated and mutual development of artificial intelligence and human intelligence,in order to better avoid the possible negative influence of artificial intelligence on human intelligence.From the aspect of moral conduct codes,we should not only pay attention to the prospective identification and control of risks,avoid the choice of quick success and instant benefit,but also give full play to the role of negotiation ethics.And from the aspect of ethical awareness education,we should pay attention to the integration of science and humanities,the interaction of reason and intuition and the integration of knowledge and action.更多还原