清代文言小说与佛教信仰关系研究

【作者】 田宁；

【导师】 吴言生；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2020， 博士

【摘要】 清代文言小说是继唐传奇之后文言小说史上的又一座高峰,也是中国文言小说最后的辉煌。清代的佛教民间信仰异常繁盛,这两者之间潜藏着深厚的因缘。但目前学界对这两种重要的文化现象整体性关注不足,研究不多,对二者关系研究十分零散,它们同被弃置于清代文学和宗教研究的边缘地带。究其原因,主要在于自新文化运动以来文言语体就被主流文化遗弃,而清代佛教民间信仰情况复杂,其现代的遗存痕迹正在淡化消失。当这两类文化均失去了生存的土壤、空间和养料后,文化研究的价值受到质疑。本文认为,清代文言小说创作和佛教的民间信仰景象繁荣,二者在乾嘉年间同攀至文化顶峰,又在晚清同时被“小说革命”和“佛教革命”加以改造当做作救国救世的良器,它们之间存在强大契合机理和互动活动,具有较大的研究价值。本文拟研究清代文言小说创作和佛教信仰契合互动的具体形态,找出二者契合的根本原因,解释二者契合发展的机理,挖掘二者的契合关系,描述其契合衍变的趋势,客观评估二者契合的文化价值。本文全面梳理清代文言小说中呈现出的佛教信仰内容、题材及小说中重新塑造的佛教人物形象,勾勒二者互动发展轨迹和特征,而清代文言小说与佛教信仰在文学史、宗教史、文化史上的定位,也将会随着研究的推进而逐渐明晰。本文拟通过五部分完成研究任务,达成研究目标。兹将研究内容和研究方法简述如下:第一章:绪论。对本文研究对象的研究历史和现状进行述评分析,阐明本研究的意义和价值。对本文涉及到的重要概念进行界定解释,确定核心概念的内涵并划定研究边界。确立本文研究的主要内容和研究思路方法,为研究工作的展开做好准备。第二章:研究清代佛教的概貌和特征。考察清代佛教的生存状态及其与儒、道、俗文化之关系,描绘清代真实的佛教文化生态图景,探明清代文言小说创作的佛教文化背景。同时考察清代文言小说家接受佛教的角度和文人的佛教信仰特征,勾勒佛教信仰文化与文人的关系。为分析清代文言小说和佛教信仰的契合发展作铺垫。第三章:主要就清代文言小说和佛教在社会文化、学术思想、小说观念上的契合点进行分析追索。考察清代社会流行的劝善文化和科举考试如何刺激清代文人创作文言小说创作、阅读、传播的文化心理基础。考察清代文史不分、小说“补史”的文化文学观念的进一步发展如何影响了文言小说家创作的热情和动力。本文认为,小说虚构观念在严苛的文化政策中圈出一块相对安全的区域,作者借助虚幻的佛教信仰元素相对自由地书写现实生活。清代复古、征实的学术品格和考据法方便了佛教信仰故事顺利进入到文言小说中,为小说家创作积累大量素材和稳定合理的小说结构。本章通过梳理清代文言小说和佛教发展的种种契合点,为清代文言小说大规模创作现象提供可靠解释,对清代文言小说佛、儒、道、俗文化的汇通进行更为准确的概括,系统地阐释了清代文言小说与佛教文化契合的根源。第四章:细密梳理文言小说文本,考察清代文言小说和佛教契合下的神祇、鬼魂、僧尼三类人物形象,探索佛教人物形象的衍变的规律和原因。佛教神祇是吸引民间社会信仰佛教的重要因素。清代文言小说将佛教神祇圣人化,使其呈现儒家理想的人格形象。清代文言小说有大量的渲染僧尼之恶的内容,在此现象背后是对官方政策和理念的认可和归附。清代文言小说喜谈鬼怪。在佛教中国化的过程中,鬼的范畴从佛教六道之一扩大到所有亡灵,在清代文言小说中,鬼、狐、精、怪之间往往没有明显的类别界限,所有的精怪身上都能辐射到鬼魂的特征,展现的都是现实人间的生活和道德准则。清代文言小说中的这三类形象完美地呈现出佛教信仰的观念与形态,是小说家创作的素材渊薮。文言小说家借助以上三类形象表达他们对于政治、吏治、人性、社会规范、统治思想的全面思索和构想。本章挖掘这些形象背后的佛教文化程度和层次及文化心理变迁,探索文人群体对清代佛教发展的影响,分析文言小说创作对清代民众信仰的导向作用,进一步深化对清代宗教文化与文学关系的认识。第五章:对清代文言小说和佛教的契合发展进行价值定位和文化评估。从文学发展看,二者契合让小说的结构更加圆满完整,追求小说结构的因果照应成为作家的自觉追求。二者契合还促进了小说虚构观念的发展,让情节的包容性增强,小说家可以在借鬼神设教的宗旨下反映广大的现实内容,也能在抒情、叙事、说理等各种小说写法中自由转换,丰富了小说的创作思维和实践。从对佛教文化的价值意义上看,文言语体持续地、密集地对佛教信仰文化的书写强化了佛教民间信仰中的因果报应、六道轮回、三生三世等核心观念,将佛教慈悲救世、法力无边的形象烙印在读者的意识当中,完成了佛教的深度中国化。从社会文化价值层面看,经儒家的道德规范作为佛教民间信仰中冥司鬼神赏罚的标准,对佛教超自然力的崇敬转移到对人的道德品格的崇敬上,努力祛除佛教信仰中的迷信和功利化内容。总之,清代文人佛教信仰和文言小说创作的契合发展是全社会合力的结果。这种状况在超稳定的封建社会晚期,为努力提升个人道德修养和社会伦理规范尽到了应有的文化力量。清代文言小说创作水平良莠不齐,正是在“良”与“莠”的对比中,凸显出了小说创作必须要以情动人的道理,同时也让人看到,佛教要想在社会管理中发挥长效机制,除了善恶赏罚之外,还应该追溯其本来向善向上的精神,激发人对自己内在的精神价值的认可和自豪感。这不仅是晚清有识之士同时发起“佛教革命”和“小说革命”的根本原因和革命目标,在今天的宗教发展和文学建设中依然有现实价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 Those novels written in literary Chinese language,which is called the boom-return of literary Chinese language novels has deep relationship with those folk beliefs in Buddhism during Qing dynasty.However,such important issue still remains much that needed to research in academic circle and is marginalized in the researchment of Literature and Relagion.One of the reason is that these ancient Chinese written language has been abandoned gradually since The New Culture Movement,another one is the complex situation of Chinese Buddhism in modern times.As those two parts of culture lose their living conditions,the value of such kind of research is always questionable.This article prefers to consider that folk beliefs in Buddhism and the literary language writings almost developed to the peak at the same time,and played important role in saving the country activities including those Novel-revolution and Buddhism revolution.Thus,the purpose of this article is to find the deep relationship between the two culture parts and give some reasonable explanations to this relationship.The article eyes on those concrete patterns、reasons and presentations between Buddhism and literary language compositions relationship and to discuss the reason why Buddhist contents become popular in literary language novels during Qing dynasty.By analysis on those Buddhist contents、themes and heroes in different novels,the statue of Buddhism and the literary language novels in Qing dynasty will become much clear.To complete this research purpose,this article will give its discussion which contains five parts as follows:Firstly is Introduction.The introduction of the article trys to make the conclusion of the existing researchment,elaborate the values of those reasearchment and give explanation to some important conceptions in order to concern the research boundary,laying the foundation for the further researchment in this article.Secondly is Buddhism situation and characterasitics during Qing dynasty.This part mainly discuss the Buddhist cultural circumstance of the literary-language written novels in Qing dynasty,describing the real living situation of Buddhist culture which can be the background of the literary-language written works of the novel in Qing dynasty.And the part will also pay attention to the relationship between the Buddhism and literati for the further analysis.The third part is to recourse the orderliness of social culture、novel notions and academic ideology from the view of the relationship between Buddhism and novels written in literary language in Qing dynasty.The thought of virtuousness in Qing dynasty and the Imperial Examination inspired the authors’ creative passion for stories in classical literary language,which laid the good foundation of social cultural psychology for the creation、reading and spreading of novels written in literary language.Moreover,the notion that writing literary novels can be a supplement way for historical record strengthened those novelists’ creation passion.And pragmatic academic character and textual researching method used in academia in Qing dynasty also provided many benefits for novel creation.Thus,by resourcing those different orderliness from the view of the relationship between Buddhism and stories in classical literary language,this part aims to give clear explanation to the creative boom in literary fiction and such explanation will make the complementary ideas between Coufusiam and Buddhism more clear.The forth part is to comb those novel texts written in literary language through three different kinds of personality including Buddhist deities、ghosts and monks in order to inspect the development direction of novels written in literary language and Buddhism culture in Qing dynasty.The Buddhist deity plays an important role in the attraction of folk belief.And novels written in literary language in Qing dynasty always sanctify those Buddhist deities as the ideal personality models in Confucius notions,and they also have many contents that describe the vicious monks which reflect novelists’ reorganization of official ideology and policy.It is known to all that novels in Qing dynasty prefer to talk about ghosts.In Chinese Buddhism,the ghost includes all specters.In those novels,the ghost,the demon,the monster and the fox spirit do not has clear distinction,and all those monsters can be recognized as the ghost.The stories of those ghosts always focus on people’s association with ghosts,visiting the underworld,demoniac possession and etc.those stories of ghost actually reflect the real life.Novelists express their owns’ thoughts and attitude for the issues of social rules、politics、personality and dominant ideology.All in all,the three different personalities in novels written in literary language in Qing dynasty contain all those materials for novelists’ creation.Excavating the social psychology behinds those personalities and exploring the literati’s influence on Buddhism in Qing dynasty will be helpful to the analysis on the novels’ guiding role of people’s religion belief and the recognition of the relationship between the literature and the religion culture in Qing dynasty.The fifth chapter is to evaluate the value of the development of classical Chinese novels and Buddhism in Qing Dynasty.From the perspective of literary development,the combination of novels makes the structure of the novel more complete and complete.Novelists consciously pursue the causal causation.Correspondence promotes the development of fictional ideas in novels,and novels can reflect real realities.From the perspective of Buddhist culture development,classical Chinese novels imprint the image of Buddhist faith in the reader’s consciousness and complete the depth of China’s Buddhism.From the perspective of social development,the novel guides readers to respect the moral character of human rather than the supernatural power of Buddhism,and dispel superstition and utilitarian content in Buddhist belief.At last we can draw the conclusion:the development of classical Chinese novels and Buddhist beliefs in Qing Dynasty is the result of the resultant force of the whole society.This situation has huge cultural strength in the late feudal society.In the Qing Dynasty,the level of writing in classical Chinese novels was uneven in quality.This illustrates a truth:excellent literary works must have the power of impressing people’s emotions.Buddhism must inspire people’s recognition and pride towards their own spiritual values in order to play a long-term mechanism in social management.This inspired the intellectuals in the late Qing Dynasty and led them to launch the "Buddhist revolution" and "Literary Revolution".This also enlightens current religious development and literary development.更多还原