【作者】 田雨；

【导师】 高峰强；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 基础心理学， 2020， 博士

【摘要】 一般攻击模型(General Model of Aggression)认为暴力游戏对攻击行为的影响存在个体差异。已有研究证实人际关系不良的个体,由于缺乏安全感而更愿意接受外界的暴力信息(例如,喜欢玩暴力游戏)以形成攻击行为进行自我保护。高羞怯个体无论从人际关系数量还是人际关系质量上来讲,均显著低于低羞怯个体,他们更可能受暴力游戏的影响而习得更多攻击行为。因此,本研究拟以一般攻击模型为理论框架,分别从遗传基因、生理唤醒、情绪和认知四个层面考察暴力游戏对不同羞怯水平个体攻击行为的影响及作用机制。本研究包括四个子研究:研究一采用《攻击量表》、《暴力游戏使用量表》和《羞怯量表》,考察羞怯水平对游戏暴力程度与攻击行为关系的调节作用;研究二通过竞争反应时任务,考察MAOA基因rs6323多态性、游戏类型与羞怯水平对个体攻击行为的影响;研究三考察游戏类型与羞怯水平对个体心跳活动、呼吸活动和积极消极情绪的影响(研究3-1和研究3-2),并综合探讨生理唤醒和情绪在暴力游戏对不同羞怯水平个体攻击行为影响中的作用(研究3-3);研究四考察游戏类型与羞怯水平对个体注意偏向和暴力敏感性的影响(研究4-1、4-2、4-3、4-4),并综合探讨注意偏向和暴力敏感性在暴力游戏对不同羞怯水平个体攻击行为影响中的作用(研究4-5)。研究结果:(1)研究一发现,羞怯水平能调节游戏暴力程度与攻击行为的关系,高羞怯组游戏暴力程度对攻击行为的预测作用大于低羞怯组。(2)研究二发现,暴力游戏组个体的攻击行为显著多于非暴力游戏组个体;高羞怯个体的攻击行为显著多于低羞怯个体;MAOA基因rs6323多态性、游戏类型与羞怯水平对个体攻击行为的交互作用显著,暴力游戏对携带T等位遗传基因的高羞怯个体攻击行为的增强作用显著大于携带GG型遗传基因的高羞怯个体。(3)研究三发现,暴力游戏组个体在游戏过程中的心率、呼吸频率和消极情绪水平显著高于非暴力游戏组个体,而呼吸深度和积极情绪水平显著低于非暴力游戏组;游戏类型与羞怯水平对个体生理唤醒和消极情绪的交互作用显著,在高羞怯组中,暴力游戏与非暴力游戏在心率和消极情绪上的差异显著大于低羞怯组。此外,游戏类型不仅可以通过消极情绪的中介作用影响个体的攻击行为,还可以通过生理唤醒→消极情绪的序列中介作用影响个体的攻击行为,羞怯水平对游戏类型→消极情绪和游戏类型→生理唤醒两条路径起调节作用。(4)研究四发现,暴力游戏组个体对暴力刺激的注意偏向水平和敏感性(P3波幅)显著高于非暴力游戏组个体;高羞怯个体对暴力刺激的注意偏向水平显著高于低羞怯个体;游戏类型与羞怯水平对个体的注意偏向水平和暴力敏感性交互作用显著,在暴力刺激条件下,高羞怯组暴力游戏与非暴力游戏在注意偏向水平和暴力敏感性上的差异显著大于低羞怯组。此外,游戏类型可以通过暴力敏感性→注意偏向的序列中介作用影响个体的攻击行为,羞怯水平对游戏类型→暴力敏感性这一路径起调节作用。研究结论:(1)暴力游戏对攻击行为的影响存在个体差异,相较于低羞怯个体,高羞怯个体的攻击行为更易受到暴力游戏的影响。(2)MAOA基因rs6323多态性是导致暴力游戏对高羞怯个体攻击行为影响增强的遗传因素。(3)心率加速、消极情绪增加是导致暴力游戏对高羞怯个体攻击行为影响增强的生理唤醒和情绪因素,暴力游戏可以通过心率→消极情绪这一路径增加高羞怯个体的攻击行为。(4)对暴力刺激的注意偏向和敏感性增强是导致暴力游戏对高羞怯个体攻击行为影响增强的认知因素,暴力游戏可以通过暴力敏感性→注意偏向的这一路径增加高羞怯个体的攻击行为。更多还原

【Abstract】 General Model of Aggression(GAM)have suggested the association between violent video games(VVGs)and aggressive behaviors existed individual differences.During recent years,a serial studies have found that the individuals with interpersonal problems were more likely to be influenced by the violence exposure,especial the VVGs.These studies have suggested that individuals with interpersonal problems were more willing to accept the violent information to develop their negative cognition and aggressive behaviors,which could protect them against the harmful incidents from others.Unfortunately,the core trait of shyness was social anxiety,which was positively related with interpersonal problems.Based on GAM,the present study aimed to test the roles of gene,physiological arousal,emotion,and cognition in the influence of VVGs on aggressive behaviors among individuals with different shyness level.This study consists of four sub-studies.In study 1,Chinese version of the Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale,Violent Video Games Scale and Aggressive Behavior Scale were used to test the moderating role of shyness on the association between game violence level and aggressive behaviors.Study 2 was used to investigate the influences of MAOA gene rs6323 polymorphism,game types and level of shyness on individuals’ aggressive behaviors with competitive response task.Study 3 was used to investigate the influences of game types and level of shyness on individuals’ heart rate activity,respiratory activity and positive-negative emotion(Research 3-1 and Research 3-2).Study 3 was also used to investigate the mediating roles of heart rate activity,respiratory activity and positive-negative emotions in the association between game types and aggressive behaviors among individuals with different shyness level(Research 3-3).Study 4 was used to investigate the influences of game types and level of shyness on individuals’ attention bias and violence sensitivity(Research 4-1、4-2、4-3、4-4).Study 4 was also used to investigate the mediating roles of attention bias and violence sensitivity in the association between game types and aggressive behaviors among individuals with different shyness level(Research 4-5).Results:(1)Study 1 had found the level of shyness could moderate the association between game violence level and aggressive behaviors,more specially,the influence of game violence level on individuals’ aggressive behaviors within shy group was lager than nonshy group.(2)Study 2 had found VVGs could yield out more aggressive behavior than non VVGs;shy individuals had more aggressive behaviors than nonshy individuals;the interaction between MAOA gene rs6323 polymorphism,game types and level of shyness could influence individuals’ aggressive behaviors,VVGs had a greater influence on shy individuals with T alleles than shy individuals with GG homozygote.(3)Study 3 had found that game types exerted a significant main effect on individuals’ HR,RR,RD,positive-negative emotion,and VVGs could yield out a larger HR,RR and more negative emotion,while a smaller RD and less positive emotion than non VVGs;the interaction between game types and level of shyness could influence individuals’ HR and negative emotion,more specially,the influence of VVGs on HR and negative emotion within shy group was lager than nonshy group.Additionally,game types not only could influence individuals’ aggressive behaviors thorough the mediating role of negative emotion,but also could influence individuals’ aggressive behaviors thorough the serial mediating role of physiological arousal →negative emotion.The level of shyness could moderate the paths of game types →negative emotion and game types → physiological arousal.(4)Study 4 had found that under the angry faces and aggressive words condition,VVGs could could increase individuals’ attentional bias and violent sensitivity,and shy individuals had a higher level of attentional bias than nonshy individuals;the interaction between game types and level of shyness could influence individuals’ attentional bias and violent sensitivity,more specially,the influence of VVGs on individuals’ attentional bias and violent sensitivity within shy group was lager than nonshy group.Additionally,game types could influence individuals’ aggressive behaviors thorough the serial mediating role of violent sensitivity → attentional bias.The level of shyness could moderate the paths of game types → violent sensitivity.Conclusions:(1)Individual differences were existed in the influence of VVGs on individuals’ aggressive behaviors,VVGs tended to have a larger influence on shy individuals’ aggressive behavior than nonshy individuals.(2)MAOA gene rs6323 polymorphism was one of genetic factor leaded VVGs have a larger influence on shy individuals’ aggressive behaviors than nonshy individuals.(3)The increased heart rate and negative emotion were the physiological arousal and emotional factors leaded VVGs have a larger influence on shy individuals’ aggressive behaviors than nonshy individuals.Additionally,VVGs could increase shy individuals’ aggressive behaviors through the path of physiological arousal →emotion.(4)The increased attentional bias and sensibility to violence were the cognitive factors leaded VVGs have a larger influence on shy individuals’ aggressive behaviors than nonshy individuals.Additionally,VVGs could increase shy individuals’ aggressive behaviors through the path of violence sensitivity → attentional bias to violence.更多还原