【作者】 李娜；

【导师】 张丽华；

【作者基本信息】 辽宁师范大学 ， 发展与教育心理学， 2019， 博士

【摘要】 自尊是个体对自我的一种情感性评价,是人格变量中的核心要素。认知加工会影响个体的行为方式,而人格对个体的认知加工过程起着重要的调节作用。高自尊存在多种类型,相关研究者把高自尊分为脆弱型和安全型两种类型。脆弱型高自尊并不是真正意义的高自尊,脆弱型高自尊者在某种程度上对负性信息易感性更强,更容易受到外界环境的影响,当自尊受到威胁时,他们会表现出更多的防御性和攻击性行为。注意作为认知加工过程中的重要阶段,对后续的认知过程起着重要作用。注意偏向的机制包括注意警觉和注意解除困难。已有研究发现,脆弱型高自尊个体对攻击性信息存在注意偏向,其机制为注意解除困难;也有研究者探讨脆弱型高自尊个体在抑制条件下对攻击性信息的认知加工特点,发现脆弱型高自尊个体对攻击性信息存在注意偏向,从而影响其视觉搜索效率。但是,以往研究缺乏对注意加工特点的深入分析,且使用的实验材料生态效度不高,也缺乏相应的神经生理学证据。因此本研究从返回抑制角度,继续深入探讨脆弱型高自尊大学生对攻击性面孔线索的返回抑制加工的特点,有助于理解脆弱型高自尊大学生对攻击性信息抑制能力不足的原因。基于以上考虑,本研究首先从自我报告角度探讨脆弱型高自尊与攻击性之间的关系。之后,以脆弱型及安全型高自尊大学生为研究对象,采用线索靶子范式,在高低动机不同唤醒状态下,从低认知水平到高认知水平任务,非社会性信息任务到社会性信息任务,内隐情绪到外显情绪,深入了解攻击性线索在不同刺激任务下如何影响脆弱型高自尊返回抑制加工机制,以丰富脆弱型高自尊大学生对攻击性线索的返回抑制理论,为干预和矫正脆弱型高自尊大学生攻击性线索认知加工偏向提供重要的理论价值。研究一:不同类型脆弱型高自尊与攻击性的关系研究。采用问卷调查法,对大连某医科大学的2018级学生进行整体取样(N=1436)选择三种类型脆弱型高自尊,分别为相倚性高自尊、防御性高自尊和不稳定性高自尊。采用自我报告方法来分析大学生不同类型高自尊与攻击性倾向的关系。研究二:低认知水平下脆弱型高自尊大学生攻击性线索返回抑制特点。在研究一基础上,以脆弱型高自尊大学生和安全型高自尊大学生为研究对象,采用经典的线索靶子范式,在位置辨别任务下,以自尊类型、面孔线索类型、SOA时长、线索提示为自变量,被试对靶子反应的反应时、波幅和潜伏期为因变量,从非社会性的低认知水平和内隐情绪角度,探讨脆弱型高自尊大学生攻击性线索返回抑制能力的行为和脑电特点。研究三:情绪认知水平下脆弱型高自尊大学生攻击性线索返回抑制特点。在以往的研究中发现线索位置、靶刺激性质和情感内容对返回抑制都存在着重要的影响,进一步深化靶刺激的任务性质,以情绪认知水平为启动任务采用经典的线索靶子范式探讨情绪认知对返回抑制能力影响。本研究认为返回抑制效应的大小更多地受到外显情绪信息加工的影响,为了说明情绪水平影响返回抑制能力,进行研究三,通过改变唤醒任务来考察两组被试返回抑制能力的差异,即情绪认知水平下两组被试在攻击性线索的返回抑制能力上是否存在差异。研究四:在情绪辨别任务中,受到外显情绪的影响,脆弱型高自尊大学生对攻击性线索的返回抑制量降低,但是这其中也涉及到情绪面孔的加工,为了更好地考察任务相关性对于调节IOR的影响,在研究四中采用经典的线索靶子范式,在性别辨别任务中考察面孔的精细加工对返回抑制的影响。研究二的任务与外显情绪加工无关,但涉及更多的是内隐情绪的加工;研究三的任务是外显情绪加工的过程,但涉及到面孔加工深度的问题;研究四的任务涉及到内隐情绪加工,在面孔加工深度上与研究三相同,但是在外显情绪加工上与研究三不同。如果研究四的结果与研究二相同,这表明外显情绪加工对返回抑制的影响是一个必要条件;如果研究四的结果与研究三相同,这表明情绪的外显加工对返回抑制的影响是充分的但不是必要的,为此采用性别辨别任务来考察外显情绪加工和面孔精细加工深度究竟是哪个作用于返回抑制。结论:1.相倚性高自尊大学生对环境中的威胁信息较为敏感。2.脆弱型高自尊大学生对攻击性线索的返回抑制能力受到认知加工任务水平的影响;在非社会性信息唤醒状态下,脆弱型高自尊大学生对攻击性线索的抑制能力与安全型高自尊大学生不存在显著的差异。3.情绪性唤醒状态影响脆弱型高自尊大学生对攻击性线索的返回抑制能力,但不是必要条件。4.脆弱型高自尊大学生对攻击性线索的返回抑制能力不仅受到情绪性信息影响,还受到面孔精细加工信息的影响,情绪和面孔精细加工共同作用于脆弱型高自尊大学生对攻击性线索的返回抑制能力。更多还原

【Abstract】 Self-esteem is self-evaluation on one’s emotion and is a key component of personality characteristics.The individual’s behavior will be affected by cognitive processing,whereas personality plays an important role in the regulation of cognitive processing.High self-esteem can be classified into two types:fragile self-esteem and safety self-esteem.Individuals with fragile high self-esteem are sensitive to negative information and tend to be influenced by the external environment.They will show more defensive and aggressive behaviors when their self-esteem is threatened.Attention,as an important stage in cognitive processing,plays an important role in the subsequent cognitive process.Attention bias includes attention to alertness and the difficulties to lift attention.The previous study showed that there is an attention bias to aggressive information and it is difficult to switch the attention for these individuals with fragile high self-esteem.Attention bias toward aggressive information reduced the efficiency of visual search.However,attention processing is not clear due to a lack of neurophysiological evidence and lower ecologically efficient in existing studies.The current research examined the mechanisms and characteristics of attention processing on aggressive face cues for these college students with fragile high self-esteem.It is helpful to understand the reason that lack of attentional control on aggressive information for these individuals with fragile high self-esteem.Considering these issues,the present research conducted a series of studies to address the gap.The research examined the relationship between fragile high self-esteem and aggressiveness by self-report firstly.Then,the mechanism that how the aggressive cues influence return inhibition for these college students with fragile high self-esteem was investigated using different tasks.This research enriched theoretical basis on return inhibition of fragile high self-esteem and provided insights to correct and intervene in cognitive bias for individuals with fragile high self-esteem.Study 1:The relationship between fragile high self-esteem and aggression.The study explored the relationship between self-esteem types and the tendency of aggression by questionnaires.Data were collected from 1436 medical college students in three self-esteem levels:highly relativity,highly defensive,and highly unstable.Study 2:The characteristics of return Inhibition of aggressive cues for individuals with low cognitive level.Using position discrimination task with independent variables self-esteem,face,SOA,and cue and dependent variables response time,amplitude,and latency,this study examined the psychological and neural mechanism on return Inhibition of aggressive cues.Study 3:The characteristics of return Inhibition of aggressive under the level of emotional cognition.It was found that the position of the cue,the valence of the target,and the content of emotion have important influence on return inhibition.This study verified the effect of the emotional target on IOR and explored the relationship between emotion and return of inhibition by the initiated task.Study 3 explored the differences in the ability of return of inhibition to show whether the valence of emotion influenced the return of inhibition.Study 4:to show the effect of the relativity of task on the regulation of IOR,study 4 examined the effect of precise processing of face on the return of inhibition by the cue-target paradigm in the gender discrimination task.In this research,the task of Study 2 has nothing to do with emotional processing,but involves more processing of implicit emotions;the task of Study 3 is the process of explicit emotional processing,but involves the depth of face processing;the task of Study 4 involves implicit emotions which is the same as the processing of face not the processing of external emotion.If the results of Study 4 are the same as those of Study 2,this indicates that the effect of explicit emotional processing on return inhibition is a necessary condition;if the results of Study 4 are the same as Study 3,this indicates that the effect of explicit processing of emotion on return inhibition is sufficient.However,it is not necessary to use the gender discrimination task to investigate the effect of explicit emotional processing and face fine processing depth on return inhibition.Conclusions:1.College students with highly relativity self-esteem are more sensitive to threat information in the environment.2.Fragile high self-esteem college students return inhibition of aggressive cues is influenced by cognitive processing task level;In the state of non-social information awakening,there is no significant difference between fragile high self-esteem college students and safe high self-esteem college students in their inhibitory capacity of aggressive cues.3.Emotional arousal affects fragile high self-esteem college students return inhibition of aggressive cues,but it is not a necessary condition.4.Fragile high self-esteem college students return inhibition of aggressive cues is not only affected by emotional information,but also influenced by the information of fine processing of faces,emotion and facial fine processing work together to fragile high self-esteem college students return inhibition of aggressive cues.更多还原