【作者】 王欢；

【导师】 梁星亮；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 马克思主义中国化， 2021， 博士

【摘要】 延安时期是中国共产党由小到大、由弱到强,从幼年走向成熟、从低谷走向高峰的时期,在政治、经济、社会、文化等各个领域都取得长足发展,对外交往更是在这幅精彩纷呈的历史画卷上写下了浓墨重彩的一笔。延安时期中国共产党的对外交往彰显了党高超的政治智慧,审时度势处理国际国内关系的能力,为抗日战争和解放战争的胜利,直至新中国的建立,起到重大推动作用。世界百年未有之大变局的今天,国际形势更加严峻复杂,竞争与合作同在,挑战与机遇并存,梳理延安时期中国共产党对外交往战略,总结历史经验,阐释当代启示,会对开展中国特色社会主义外交大有裨益。论文以此为核心,首先从日本侵华导致中国外部民族矛盾激化、内部阶级矛盾尖锐的时代大背景,以及封闭落后的社会背景出发,阐明了延安时期中国共产党的对外交往对实现抗日救亡,建立新中国这一历史使命的重要意义。继而通过梳理,明确了马列主义的外交思想是对外交往战略形成的理论渊源,近代西方和中国传统外交思想是文化渊源,与共产国际和苏联的交往则是对外交往的实践基础。延安时期,中国共产党高举抗日民主旗帜,反映了中华民族和人民革命的利益与要求。为实现争取外援,为抗日战争胜利创造有利国际环境;反对外来干涉,为建立新中国提供外部保障这两大战略目标,中国共产党在延安十三年认识和探索外部世界,处理对外关系的过程中,形成了三大指导原则:一是独立自主。独立自主的对外交往原则是中国共产党在同党内教条主义和大国沙文主义作斗争的实践中形成并逐渐完善的。延安时期中国共产党在对外交往中始终坚持独立自主,以维护国家和人民的利益为最高准则,推动新民主主义革命走向胜利。二是在自力更生的基础上争取外援。中国革命不能孤立于世界之外,需要国际力量的援助。在处理中国革命与外部世界的关系时,中国共产党奉行“以自力更生为主,以争取外援为辅”的原则。任何事物的变化发展都是内因和外因共同作用的结果。自力更生是内因,争取外援是外因,只有在自力更生的基础上,才能赢得更多的外援;而更多的外援反过来又会促进自力更生。三是利用矛盾,为我所用。这项原则的提出和逐步贯彻到中共中央处理对内对外关系的过程中,充分表明中国共产党逐渐摆脱教条主义束缚,走向成熟。以上对外交往的指导原则形成了三位一体,缺一不可的有机整体。延安时期中国共产党根据国内外形势的变化,根据中国革命的实际需要,与时俱进地制定了对外交往的战略方针。论文将其概括为三点,分别是:既联苏又联美的国际统一战线战略;反美的“中间地带[1]”战略;联苏反美的“两大阵营[2]”战略。首先,既联苏又联美的国际统一战线战略。苏联对外政策和共产国际七大策略路线的转变,契合了中国共产党转变对外政策的自身需求。1935年12月瓦窑堡会议的召开,使中国共产党突破了一直以来“反对一切帝国主义”的思想桎梏,决定通过联合英美、建立国际统一战线,来克服民族危机,解决国共问题。建立国际统一战线的构想虽已提出,实施起来却是一波三折。英美策划“远东慕尼黑”阴谋,对日绥靖;《苏德互不侵犯条约》的签订;国共关系紧张等一系列事件的发生,使中国共产党一度抛弃联美的国际统一战线战略,重回“反对一切帝国主义”。苏德战争爆发后,英美迅速与苏联结成反法西斯同盟。太平洋战争爆发后,英美对日宣战。美国此时已成为对中国政局影响力最大的国家,鉴于此,中国共产党重提建立国际统一战线战略。国际统一战线战略的实质就是联合美国,其实施也主要是围绕对美政策所展开,但中国共产党始终视苏联为中国革命最可靠的盟友这一立场从未改变。其次,反美的“中间地带”战略。战后人民渴望和平,苏美寻求妥协,国民党内战准备不足等诸多因素的合力作用下,中国经历了短暂的和平民主新阶段。但只要蒋介石国民党武力灭共的阶级本性不改变;美国扶蒋反共,变中国为其殖民地和附庸的对华政策的本质不改变,内战爆发就不可避免。全面内战爆发后,毛泽东提出反美的“中间地带”战略。他指出:“美国和苏联之间隔着极其辽阔的地带,这里有欧、非、亚三洲的许多资本主义国家和殖民地、半殖民地国家。美国反动派在没有压服这些国家以前,是谈不到进攻苏联的[3]”。毛泽东认为当时世界的主要矛盾应是“中间地带”的国家与美帝国主义及其附庸之间的矛盾,具体到中国就是中国人民与美蒋反动派之间的矛盾。据此,毛泽东提出“一切反动派都是纸老虎”的著名论断。“中间地带”战略将斗争矛头直指美帝国主义,也反映了中国共产党在战后欲突破美苏两个大国对于世界政治格局的垄断,走独立自主道路的诉求。再次,联苏反美的“两大阵营”战略。冷战爆发并加剧后,中国共产党支持欧洲共产党和工人党情报局的成立,暂时放弃“中间地带”理论,提出联苏反美的“两大阵营”战略,表明了在美苏冷战中,中国共产党支持苏联的坚定立场。在以上对外交往原则和战略方针的指导下,中国共产党砥砺前行,进行了既合作又斗争的对外交往实践。中国共产党通过揭露和反对“远东慕尼黑”阴谋,采取坚持抗战的长期战略方针援助苏联卫国战争,反对美国干涉中国内政等行动践行了独立自主原则。在自力更生的基础上努力从美、英、苏等国寻求外援。通过利用美日、美蒋矛盾,处理“皖南事变”;利用美苏与国民党矛盾,化解第三次国共危机;利用美苏与苏蒋矛盾,争夺东北,践行了利用矛盾,为我所用原则。延安时期,中国共产党通过接待埃德加·斯诺等国际友人和国际团体、组织,教育日本士兵成为反战勇士的“民间外交”,以及接待美军观察组派驻延安的“半官方外交”践行了国际统一战线战略。全面内战爆发后,中国共产党突破“中间地带”,与美蒋反动派进行了坚决斗争。冷战加剧后,中国共产党旗帜鲜明地支持苏联。通过总结延安时期中国共产党对外交往所取得的成就,把对外交往的历史经验归纳为四条:一是坚持独立自主、自力更生;二是坚持以民为本,壮大自身力量;三是坚持开放包容的胸襟,高瞻远瞩的国际视野;四是求同存异,原则坚定性与策略灵活性的有机统一。抚今追昔,鉴往知来。全面总结延安时期中国共产党对外交往的成就和经验,对继承发扬对外工作的优良传统,更好地厘清新形势下做好外交工作的思路,具有重要的现实和启示意义。论文最后探讨了延安时期中国共产党对外交往的当代启示,即要继续坚持独立自主的立场不动摇;重视开展民间外交;加强对外宣传工作,讲好中国故事,传播好中国声音,努力开创新时代中国特色大国外交新局面。更多还原

【Abstract】 Yan’an period is a period when the CPC has grown from small to large,from weak to strong,from childhood to maturity and from low to peak.It has made great progress in various fields such as politics,economy,society and culture.Foreign exchanges have written a strong and colorful painting on this splendid historical picture.The foreign exchanges of the Communist Party of China in Yan’an period showed the party’s excellent political wisdom,and the ability to deal with international and domestic relations according to the situation played a significant role in promoting the victory of the Anti Japanese War and the liberation war until the establishment of new China.With the history coming to the world which has not changed in a century,the international situation is more severe and complex,with the competition and cooperation being the same,challenges and opportunities coexisting.It will be helpful to comb the foreign communication strategy of the Communist Party of China in Yan’an period,summarize historical experience and explain contemporary enlightenment,which will be of great benefit to the development of socialist diplomacy with Chinese characteristics in the new period and new stage.This paper takes this as the core,first of all,from the background of the times that Japan invaded China,which caused the intensification of the external ethnic conflicts,the sharp internal class contradictions,and the social background of the closed and backward,to clarify the significance of the foreign communication of the Communist Party of China in Yan’an period to realize the Anti Japanese salvation and establish the new China.Then,through combing,it is clear that Marxism Leninism is the theoretical origin of the formation of foreign communication strategy.The traditional diplomatic thoughts of modern West and China constitute cultural origin to some extent,and the communication with Communist International and Soviet Union is the practical basis of foreign exchanges.In Yan’an period,the Communist Party of China held the banner of Anti Japanese democracy,reflecting the interests and requirements of the Chinese nation and the people’s revolution.In order to achieve foreign aid,create favorable international environment for the victory of the Anti Japanese War,oppose foreign interference and provide external security for the establishment of new China,the Communist Party of China has formed three guiding principles in the process of understanding and exploring the external world in Yan’an in the13 th year and handling foreign relations: first,independence and independence.The principle of independent foreign communication is formed and gradually improved by the Communist Party of China in the practice of fighting against dogmatism and chauvinism in the party.In the period of Yan’an,the CPC always insisted on independence in foreign exchanges,taking safeguarding the interests of the state and the people as the highest criterion,and promoting the new democratic revolution to victory.Second,we should strive for foreign aid on the basis of self-reliance.The Chinese revolution cannot be isolated from the world and needs the assistance of international forces.In dealing with the relationship between the Chinese revolution and the external world,the Communist Party of China adheres to the principle of "self-reliance as the main force and the foreign aid as the auxiliary".The change and development of anything is the result of the joint action of internal and external factors.Self reliance is the internal cause,and the foreign aid is the external cause.Only on the basis of self-reliance can more foreign aid be won;and more foreign aid in turn will promote self-reliance.Third,we should use contradictions for my use.The principle is put forward and implemented gradually in the process of handling the internal and external relations between the CPC Central Committee and the Central Committee,which fully shows that the CPC gradually gets rid of the dogmatism and matures.The above guiding principles of foreign exchanges have formed a Trinity and an organic whole.In Yan’an period,the CPC kept pace with the times according to the changes of domestic and international situations and the actual needs of the Chinese revolution The strategic policy of foreign exchanges has been formulated.The paper summarizes it as three points: the strategy of international united front,which combines the Soviet Union and the United States;the anti American "middle zone [[[] selected collection of Mao Zedong,Volume 4,people’s publishing house,1991,P.1260.]]"Strategy;the two camps of the United States and the Soviet Union [the two camps],selected collection of Mao Zedong,Volume 4,people’s publishing house,1991,P.1260.]]"Strategy.First,the United States United States and the United States United States are the United States.The transformation of the Soviet Union’s foreign policy and the seven major strategic lines of the Communist International accords with the needs of the CPC in transforming its foreign policy.The meeting of Wayaobao in December 1935 made the Communist Party of China break through the shackles of "opposing all imperialism" for a long time,and decided to solve the problem of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party by combining the United States and the United States and establishing an international united front.Although the idea of establishing the international united front has been put forward,it has been implemented in a twists and turns.The British and American plot of "Far East Munich" to appease Japan;the signing of the Treaty of non aggression between Soviet and German countries;the tension between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party,etc.,which made the Communist Party of China abandon the United States International United Front strategy and return to "oppose all imperialism".After the outbreak of the Soviet German war,Britain and the United States formed an anti fascist alliance with the Soviet Union.After the Pacific War broke out,Britain and the United States declared war on Japan.At this time,the United States has become the country with the greatest influence on China’s political situation.In view of this,the Communist Party of China has proposed the strategy of establishing an international united front.The essence of the strategy of the international united front is to unite the United States,and its implementation is mainly carried out around the policy towards the United States.However,the position of the Communist Party of China has always regarded the Soviet Union as the most reliable ally of the Chinese revolution has never changed.Secondly,the anti American "middle zone" strategy.China has experienced a short period of peace and democracy under the joint efforts of many factors,such as the desire for peace after the war,the Soviet Union seeking compromise,and the Kuomintang preparing for civil war.However,as long as the class nature of the Kuomintang’s military extermination of the Communist Party by Chiang Kai Shek does not change;the essence of the policy of China,which the United States supports Jiang to fight against the Communist Party,changes China as its colony and its vassal,will not change,and the Civil War will inevitably erupt.After the outbreak of the comprehensive civil war,Mao Zedong proposed the anti American "middle zone" strategy.Mao pointed out: "there is a vast area between the United States and the Soviet Union,where there are many capitalist countries and colonial and semi colonial countries in Europe,Africa and Asia.Before the American reactionaries had not subdued these countries,they could not talk about the attack on the Soviet Union,Volume 4 of the anthology of Mao Zedong,people’s press,1991,P.1193.]]”。 Mao Zedong thought that the main contradiction in the world at that time should be the contradiction between the "middle zone" state and the American imperialism and its vassal service,and that China was the contradiction between the Chinese people and the American and Chiang reactionaries.Therefore,Mao Zedong put forward the famous conclusion that "all reactionaries are paper tigers".The strategy of"middle zone" pointed the struggle at the American imperialism,and also reflected the Communist Party of China’s desire to break through the monopoly of the two major powers of the United States and the Soviet Union on the world political pattern and to take the independent road.Thirdly,the strategy of "two camps" of the United States and the Soviet Union against the United States.After the outbreak and aggravation of the cold war,the Communist Party of China supported the establishment of the European Communist Party and the intelligence bureau of the workers’ party,temporarily abandoned the theory of "middle zone",put forward the strategy of "two camps" of United States and Soviet Union against the United States,which indicated that the CPC supported the Soviet Union firmly in the cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union.Under the guidance of the above principles and strategic principles of foreign exchanges,the Communist Party of China has made great efforts to advance and has carried out cooperation and cooperationThe practice of foreign exchanges in struggle.The Communist Party of China has implemented the principle of independence and autonomy by exposing and opposing the "Far East Munich" plot,adopting the long-term strategic principle of adhering to the Anti Japanese War to assist the Soviet Union in defending the war,and opposing the United States interfering in China’s internal affairs.On the basis of self-reliance,we strive to seek foreign aid from the United States,Britain,the Soviet Union and other countries.By using the contradictions between the United States,Japan and the United States and Jiang,we deal with the "Southern Anhui Incident";use the contradictions between the United States and the Soviet Union and the Kuomintang to resolve the third crisis of the Kuomintang;use the contradictions between the United States and the Soviet Union to compete for the northeast,and practice the principle of using the contradictions for my use.In Yan’an period,the Communist Party of China,through receiving international friends and international organizations and organizations such as Edgar Snow,educated Japanese soldiers to become anti war warriors’ folk diplomacy,and received the "semi official diplomacy" sent by the US military observation group to Yanan to practice the international united front strategy.After the outbreak of the comprehensive civil war,the Communist Party of China broke through the "middle zone" and fought bravely with the reactionaries of the United States and Jiang.After the cold war intensified,the CPC has clearly supported the Soviet Union in the "South Soviet conflict" incident.By summarizing the achievements of the CPC’s foreign exchanges in Yan’an period,the historical experience of foreign exchanges is summarized into four parts: first,adhering to independence and self-reliance;second,adhering to people-oriented and strengthening its own strength;third,adhering to the open and inclusive mind,a high-sighted international vision;fourth,the organic unity of seeking common ground and reserving differences,firm principles and strategic flexibility.Look after the past and learn from the past.It is of great realistic and enlightening significance to comprehensively summarize the glorious achievements and valuable experiences of the CPC in foreign exchanges in Yan’an period,and to inherit and carry forward the fine tradition of foreign work and to better clarify the ideas of doing diplomatic work in a fresh situation.Finally,the paper discusses the Contemporary Enlightenment of the foreign exchanges of the Communist Party of China in Yan’an period,namely,to continue to adhere to its independent position in the new period and new stage;to attach importance to the development of civil diplomacy;to strengthen the foreign propaganda work,to tell Chinese stories,to spread the Chinese voice well,and to strive to open a new situation of diplomacy for a country with Chinese characteristics in an innovative era.更多还原