【作者】 陈勇；

【导师】 李保平；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 农业昆虫与害虫防治， 2019， 博士

【摘要】 生物质炭(biochar)是用作物秸秆或厨余垃圾等有机物质在无氧或限氧的条件下经高温热解炭化后的颗粒状物质,它性质稳定,炭含丰富。业已发现,生物质炭应用于农田系统后不但改善土壤环境,改变壤微生物群落,而且促进对作物生长、改善根部系统结构,甚至改变防御相关的基因表达等。以上影响很可能间接作用于以植物为食的害虫。但迄今,就生物质炭对害虫的影响尚知之甚少。本学位论文旨在探究生物质炭的施用会对蚜虫造成何种影响及其机理,从而为生物质炭归入害虫综合管理提供理论基础。1、施用生物质炭对麦长管蚜生活史特征的影响为研究施用不同种类和用量的生物质炭对麦长管蚜生活史特征的影响,本研究选用以玉米、水稻或小麦秸秆为原料的三种生物质炭,每种生物质炭设置1.5%、3%和5%等三个添加比例的处理,以不施用生物质炭对照。观测麦长管蚜的产仔前期、繁殖力和寿命,分析生物质炭处理对麦长管蚜生活史特征的影响,获得以下结果。施用生物质炭对麦长管蚜产仔前期和寿命没有影响,但对繁殖力有不利影响,影响程度随生物质炭类型和比例而变化。与对照相比,施用1.5%的玉米生物质炭能降低麦长管蚜繁殖力12.08%,施用5%的水稻生物质炭使繁殖力降低20.23%,使5%小麦生物质炭施用使繁殖力降低17.24%。2、施用生物质炭对麦长管蚜种群增长的影响为明确施用生物质炭种类和比例对麦长管蚜室内种群增长的影响,本研究选用玉米、水稻和小麦秸秆原料的三种生物质炭,每种生物质炭设置1.5%、3%和5%三个比例,以不施用生物质炭为对照。观测麦长管蚜连续20d的总蚜量、低龄蚜虫占比与第20天时的有翅蚜量,分析生物质炭处理的影响,获得以下结果。施用生物质炭处理下的种群中低龄蚜虫占比高于对照;总蚜量受生物质炭用量与种类的互作影响,其中,施用5%的玉米、水稻和小麦生物质炭分别使总蚜量减少30.28%、25.90%和26.38%。施用生物质炭对麦长管蚜种群的有翅蚜发生无显著影响。3、施用生物质炭对田间蚜虫种群及其天敌丰盛度的影响为明确施用生物质炭对大田蚜虫种群数量和天敌个体数量的影响,施用小麦生物质炭20t/hm2(相当于3%-5%的添加比例)。选择两个地点开展大田试验:①苏州试验点采用小区试验设计,在6个小区(9 m2)中随机选择3个施用生物质炭,另外3个为对照;②南京试验点选用两个大区(1.5 hm2)。连续3年调查结果表明,施用生物质炭可降低田间麦蚜种群数量,其中南京试验区降低13.78%,苏州试验区降低44.66%;施用生物质炭处理与对照区的天敌个体数量没有差异。研究结果说明,施用生物质炭可提高田间益害比例,从而促进生物防治。4、施用生物质炭对麦长管蚜取食行为的影响为明确施用生物质炭种类和比例对麦长管蚜取食行为的影响,选用玉米、水稻或小麦秸秆的生物质炭,每种生物质炭设置1.5%、3%和5%三个添加比例,以不施用生物质炭为对照。采用刺吸行为图谱技术(EPG)观测蚜虫的取食行为,获得以下结果。生物质炭阻碍麦长管蚜的有效取食,增加刺探活动的频次和时间,缩短取食活动时间,增大与抗性相关活动的频次。研究结果说明,施用生物质炭可降低麦长管蚜的取食效率。5、施用生物质炭对小麦植株体内营养元素和物质的影响为明确施用生物质炭种类和比例对小麦植株体内相关营养元素和物质的影响,选用玉米、水稻或小麦秸秆的三种生物质炭,每种生物质炭设置1.5%、3%和5%等三个添加比例,以不施用生物质炭为对照,测定小麦植株相关营养元素和物质的含量,获得以下结果。施用生物质炭处理下小麦植株体内硅和钾元素含量显著增加,氮和磷元素含量显著降低,总糖和游离氨基酸含量显著降低。结果说明,生物质炭降低了小麦营养元素和物质的含量,从而抑制了蚜虫取食。6、施用生物质炭对植物诱导抗性基因表达的影响为明确施用生物质炭是否增强植物的虫害诱导抗性,施用水稻秸秆为原料的生物质炭4个比例:0、1.5%、3%和5%,采用qRT-PCR技术测定与水杨酸途径(SA)和茉莉酸途径(JA)相关的4个抗性基因(AOS、LOX、PAL和PR)的相对表达量,获得以下结果。检测的4个抗性基因在施用生物质炭处理下的相对表达量均高于对照。说明施用生物质炭增强了植物的诱导抗性水平。更多还原

【Abstract】 Biochar is a stable,carbon-rich coproduct of pyrolysis by organic materials such as crop straw,kitchen waste,etc.,through a certain process,in the case of no oxygen or limited oxygen,high temperature.At present,some studies have found that biochar amendment in field can not only improve soil environment and change soil microbial community,but also have a series of effects on crops,such as improving crop growth,improving root system structure,and even changing plant defence-related gene expression.Therefore,the agricultural use of biochar,by changing a series of characteristics of crops and their soil environment,will inevitably affect plant herbivores on crops indirectly.However,researches about these are rarely reported at present.Therefore,the purpose of this thesis is to explore the effects of biochar amendment in soil on herbivorous,so as to provide a theoretical basis for a more systematic evaluation of biochar and a theoretical basis for incorporating biochar into integrated pest management.The main results and conclusions are as follows.1.Effects of biochar amendment to soils on life history traitss of S.avenaeTo examine the effect of biochar types and application rates on life history characteristics of aphid Sitobion avenae,this study tested three types of biochar derived from feedstock of corn straw(CB),rice straw(RB)or wheat straw(WB),each at three amendment rates:0(the control),1.5%,3%and 5%.Following attribute are measured:pre-larviposition time,lifetime fertility and life span.Biochar application had no significant effects on pre-larviposition time and life span,while affected lifetime fertility.Compared to the control,the fertility reduced by 12.08%at 1.5%amendment of CB,20.23%at 5%of RB,and 17.24%at 5%of WB.2.Effects of biochar amendment on population growth of S.avenaeTo examine the effect of biochar amendment type and application rate on population growth of S.avenae,this study tested three types of biochar derived from corn straw(CB),rice straw(RB)or wheat straw(WB),each applied at four amendment rates:0,1.5%,3%and 5%.Following results were obtained.Compared to the control,application of CB,RB and WB at 5%decreased the number of aphids by 30.28%,25.90%and 26.38%,respectively.Young aphids accounted for a major part in a population under biochar amendment than under the control.The results suggest that biochar application can reduce aphid population size.3.Effects of biochar amendment on aphid population growth and natural enemy abundnaces in the fieldTo examine the effect of biochar amendment on wheat aphid and its natural enemy populations in the field,this study tested biochar derived from wheat straw in field experiments at two sites.At Suzhou site,biochar application at the rate 20 t/hm2 was randomly made to three of six 9 m2 plots with remaining three plots as the control.At Nanjing site,biochar was applied to one 1.5 hm2 plot at 20 t/hm2 and another similar sized plot was used as the control.The sampling of aphid populations showed that that aphid population size decreased over three years in biochar applied plots compared to the control at both sites.The decrease was 13.78%at Suzhou site and 44.66%at Nanjing site.Abundances of natural enemies of aphids did not vary between biochar applied plot and the control.The results suggest that biocharapplication increase the ratio of beneficial insects to pests in number,so increasing biological control effects.4.Effects of biochar amendment on feeding behaviors of S.avenaeTo examine the effect of biochar amendment in type and application rate on feeding behaviors of aphid S.avenae,this study tested three types of biochar derived from either corn straw(CB),rice straw(RB)or wheat straw materials(WB),each at four rates of amendment:0,1.5%,3%and 5%.The electrical penetration graph technology was used to record waveform duration and frequency of stylet penetration activities.Biochar amended in soil impaired feeding behavior of aphids by decreasing total duration of the waveforms corresponding to phloem-sucking activities and increasing the frequency of those corresponding to intracellular puncturing behaviors.The results suggest that biochar application decreases feeding efficiency of aphids on wheat.5.Effects of biochar amendment on nutrient chemicals in wheatTo examine the effect of biochar type and application rate on nutrient chemicals in wheat,this study tested three types of biochar derived from either corn straw(CB),rice straw(RB)or wheat straw(WB),each at four amendment rates:0,1.5%,3%and 5%.Biochar amendment decreased the contents of N,P,soluble sugars and free amino acid,which have the function of enhancing feeding activity,and increased Si and K,which are sucking inhibitors.These results suggest that biochar application can alter plant uptake of nutrient elements and chemicals associated with feeding activities.6.Effects of biochar amendment on plant defense-related gene expressionTo examine the effect of biochar amendment on plant defense-related gene expression,biochar derived from rice straw was amended to soils at four rates:0(the control),1.5%,3%and 5%.Four defense-related gene expression,involved in salicylic acid(SA)and jasmonic acid(JA)pathway,were analyzed with RT-PCR.Compared to the control,biochar application increased the expression of four defense-related genes(AOS,LOX,PAL and PR)in wheat plants with extension of feeding time by aphids.the results suggest that biochar application enhances herbivory-induced wheat defenses.更多还原