【作者】 沈扬；

【导师】 莫砺锋；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 中国语言文学， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 中国文学的发展演变与地理环境有着深刻的内联性,它客观存在又随时转移,使得“地域—文学”之间表现出复杂的层级关系和双向的建构互动。这种双向的建构表现在,一方面,地域环境对文学风格、主题、形式、内涵、意境、意象产生影响,所谓“江山之助”;另一方面,文学并不仅仅被动地反映地域环境(人文和自然),也参与到地域文化的附加和增殖过程中来,甚至起到扭转一个地域文化氛围的建构作用。显然,在这一双向建构的过程中,“人”是主体也是桥梁,无论考察文学表现中的地域,还是研究地域对文学的影响,归根结底都要落实到古代文学创作的主体“士大夫”上来。对中国古代文学发展演变产生深远影响的城市如长安、洛阳、南京和杭州,它们的共同特点是曾经作为国家首善的京都,有着得天独厚的自然环境优势和深厚的历史文明层累,这是它们影响文人及其创作的最重要的原因。作为十三朝古都的洛阳以其多层次的文化品格,在中古以迄唐宋的文学发展历程中有着不可替代的价值和意义。尤其唐和北宋时期,古都洛阳以国家陪都的形象出现在士大夫面前,随着它在国家政治生活中地位的浮沉,其对士大夫的思想意识、人生态度、生活方式、审美境界、文学创作、文艺观念等方面的影响亦与时倶变。据学者统计,唐人写洛阳的诗歌有800余首,据笔者的考察,宋诗之与洛阳相关者更多达3000余首,如果将宋文和宋词也一并算进来,其数量是可想而知的。宋人有关洛阳的书写在唐人的写作经验上多有新的创获,值得从不同的角度加以观照和分析。鉴于唐宋两代卷帙浩繁的文献材料,限于时间和学力,课题的研究不得不以洛阳为线索,从具体的问题出发,对其中具有典型性和代表性的文学现象和文人心态进行更加深入地阐发,在文学史的通局意识的观照下,对它们的价值给以恰当的评估。因此,课题重点研究的是士大夫如何表现洛阳和洛阳怎样影响士大夫以及这种影响在文学场域中的体现。具体本课题将从以下五个专题进行,它们基本涵盖文学中的洛阳景观(园林和花卉)以及古都洛阳对士大夫文化心态、存在方式和生活趣味的影响,现依次概述如下:第一章 本章以李德裕的平泉诗为研究对象,分别从展览、追忆和怀归三个角度去透视所谓李德裕的“平泉情结”。李德裕表现平泉的视角可以归结为“平面展览”和“立体想象”两个方面,前者重点在于揭示平泉情结的深刻构成,后者则着力突出李德裕内心的怀归隐忧。平泉诗的艺术价值不在于它的文学性,而存乎它所蕴藉的情感张力。第二章本章围绕着欧阳修的《洛阳牡丹记》展开研究。同样截取了审美、博物和记忆三个角度对《洛阳牡丹记》加以更深地、也更情境化地解读。从唐宋士大夫的牡丹审美观念来看,《洛阳牡丹记》无疑是这一审美潮流中的个案,可如果从欧阳修自身的角度观之,那么《洛阳牡丹记》又体现出一个学者的博物情怀和情感记忆。同时,笔者在文中亦对美国学者艾朗诺的观点进行了回应,并认为《洛阳牡丹记》是传统的而非创变的,是私性的而非公共的,是审美趣味、理性认识和情感追忆结合的产物。第三章卯饮是一种独特的生活方式。从中医角度讲,它并不符合人的生理习惯,甚至对健康有害处。白居易不是一个擅长饮酒的诗人,但他却频频尝试这种容易醉酒的生活方式,尤其在他分司洛阳之后,卯饮在白居易的生活中变得更加常态化。过去学界对于白居易的嗜酒,常常是从文学的角度进行观照,而本章则从士大夫生活的细节出发对其加以认识,以便摸清白居易卯饮的初衷和卯饮对白居易的生活心态产生的影响。第四章白居易在履道园中度过了诗意的晚年,其中“主人”和“园林”的关系是值得深入挖掘的话题。对于白居易而言,履道园不仅是为他提供安身的物理空间,更为他呈露一静心的诗意幽境。这一环境的营构过程处处体现着白居易的人生趣味,他通过“闭门”、“叠石凿池”“诠释意义”建构着晚年的人生乐境。第五章 记忆是人类的一项重要的情感活动,也是一种时间体验。它联络着往昔与当下,令主体在自己建构的情境中去品味流年和俯仰今夕。在记忆的场景中,欧阳修体验着乐的味道,而当他走出场景,回到现实中来,便又陷入失落的感伤。但这并非欧阳修洛阳记忆的全部面向,与人不同的是,欧阳修通过回忆洛阳的花草、洛阳的友人和当年的盛游,开启了对于人生不朽的追问,这又将记忆引向了永恒之维。从欧阳修的内心世界来看,记忆夹杂着情与理,情之端令他欢喜忧愁,理之端令他跳出情的桎梏,以积极主动的姿态去应对人生存在的困境。五个章节无法构成一个完整的论述体系,显得破碎而分散,它们更像是一个以洛阳为线索的相关论文的集合,从不同的侧面映射出古都洛阳与唐宋士大夫及其文学创作之间的内在关联。从中我们亦可以见出,诗人与地域、地域与文学诸相之间的互动。借此互动关系之呈现,以期为全景式地呈现古都洛阳与中古乃至近世以来士大夫文学之间的关联提供点滴的佐证,或可为唐宋文学转型的研究提供一地理学的诠释。更多还原

【Abstract】 The relation between The development of Chinese classical literature and geographic environment is very deep,which objectively exists and transformed with the history.As a result the relation between geography and literature become multilevel and inter-constructional.In the one hand the geography environment makes influence on the literature’s style,subject,form,substance,artistic conception and images,this is so-called jiang shan zhi zhu;in another one,literature not only reflects geography passively but participates in the geography culture’s adjunction and proliferation,even changing the cultural environment in an area.Apparently in this process people are the subject and a bridge.Studying the geography environment or the influence on the literature bringed about by the geography environment both should be centered with the gentlemen who are the subjectivities in creating literature.In Chinese history there are some cites making far-reaching influence on the literature such as Chang An,Luo Yang,Nan Jing and Hang Zhou,all were the nation’s capitals which have prolific nature resource and deep historic civilization layers,which should be the most important reason for influencing the gentlemen’s writing.Luo Yang,as an ancient city where there were thirteen dynasties building their capital,has an irreplaceable meaning and value in the Chinese ancient literature history.Especially,in Tang and North-Song Dynasty Luo Yang is the provisional capital,with its position changed in nation political life,which made different influence on the gentlemen’s ideology,attitude towards life,lifestyle,aesthetic realm,literature,literary concepts.According to researcher’s data,there are 800 poems about Luo Yang in Tang Dynasty,and in my data Song poems on Luo Yang is about 3000,if Song lyric and articles included,the number is very big obviously.Based on gentlemen of Tang Dynasty,there are more creating in Song Dynasty gentlemen’s literature on Luo Yang,which is worth considerate studying.In terms of many materials in Tang and Song Dynasty,and because of time and knowledge,the paper should be clued by Luo Yang and the study starts with concreting problems to discuss the typical and representative literature phenomena and gentlemen’s emotion to evaluate the value and meaning in the contemplation of literature history.Therefore the main purpose of the paper is to research how to manifest the Luo Yang in gentlemen’s literature,how to accept the area’s effect as for gentlemen and the influence’s reflection in the literature field.Concretely speaking,the paper will develop with five monographic topics as follows,covering Luo Yang landscape(garden and flower)in literature and the influence on the gentlemen’s cultural mentality,existing style and life interest.Generally speaking as follows:The first chapter is centered with Ping Quan poem written by Li Deyu.From exhibiting,remembering and hermitage to analyze Li Deyu’s Ping Quan emotion.The perspective of Li Deyu can be generalized with flat showing and three-dimensional memory.The former one is to reveal the Ping Quan emotion’s construction,and the latter one is mainly to stress the hermitage in Li Deyu’s minds.The value of Ping Quan poems is not determined by the literature character but by the feeling tension in them.The second chapter is around the Luo Yang Mu Dan Ji of OuYang xiu.As the same,from aesthetics,natural history and memory to make a deep investigation and more personal reading.If from the gentlemen’s aesthetic perception on the peony this article is just a case in the trend;but if from writer’s perspective the article reflects a researcher’s natural viewpoints and feeling memory.In the chapter it responses to American researcher Ronald-Egan.Luo Yang Mu Dan it is traditional not new,personal not public,it is a result of aesthetic perception,natural knowledge and personal memory.The third chapter is to make a research on the Mao Yin,a special lifestyle of gentlemen.From the Chinese physician Mao Yin is not applied to physical habit even seems harmful to health.Bai Juyi is not good at spirits but he always try that easy-drunk lifestyle.Especially he came back to Luo Yang as a chancellor with lots of leisure time,he often experienced Mao Yin and made it normal.In past researchers always study Bai Juyi’s alcoholics from the literature perspective,but the chapter will analyze the poet’s lifestyle from people’s performance to reveal the reason of Bai Juyi’s Mao Yin and this lifestyle’s influence on the poet’s emotion.The fourth chapter is to study Bai Juyi and his garden.Bai Juyi spend his old age in Lv Dao garden.The relation between the host and the garden is worth studying.As for Bai Juyi,Lv Dao garden is not only a surviving physical space but also a poetic environment.The process of building environment represents host’s life interest and Bai Juyi constructed his old age happy by closing the door,folding stones,digging pond and interpreting meaning.The fifth chapter is to study Ou Yang xiu’s Luo Yang memory.Memory is an important emotional human activitiy,also a time experience.It contacts with the past and present.The memory subjective experiences the past time and feel the present in his own situation.In the memory situation,OuYang xiu appreciated the happy taste but when he leaved that situation to come back to reality the sorrow will happened to him.However that is not his complete Luo Yang memory.OuYang xiu started asking the immortal question of existence by recalling the flowers,the gentlemen and the sightseeing with them,which leads the memory to immortal dimension.From OuYang xiu’s minds there are feeling which makes him enjoyed or sorrowful and reasons which drives him to jump from the sadness to deal with the life positively.The five chapters above can not be composed to a complete system,and seems a little scattered,which looks like a assemblage clued by Luo Yang.It reflects the relation between the ancient capital and gentlemen’s literature in Tang and Song Dynasty from different aspects.From which we can investigate the interactivity between poets and area,the area and the literature’s kinds of respects.Depend on the revealing of the relation above we can imagine that it will provide some cases on the relation between Luo Yang and gentlemen’s literature during the Mid-ancient even the modern-ancient in a panoramic view.Also it will supply a geographic interpreting for the literature transformation from Tang to Song Dynasty.更多还原