【作者】 李楠；

【导师】 冯彦君；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 经济法学， 2020， 博士

【摘要】 互联网技术的不断更新催生了新型业态,使共享经济在短期内得到迅猛发展,促发了新的就业形态,也对传统劳动关系理论提出了新的挑战。实践中,网约工的各项权益频频受到侵害,如何在不断激化的社会矛盾中解决网约工保护遇到的现实困境,是劳动法学界亟待研究和探讨的问题。对网约工权益保护的研究既具有理论意义又具有现实意义。一方面,我国对网约工权益保护的研究较为薄弱,迫切需要理论上的指导。另一方面,该研究符合我国经济发展形势和国家发展规划的要求,能够进一步维护法律的公平正义,有效化解劳资双方之间的矛盾冲突,有助于解决法律支持不足和网约工权益受损等问题。研究的目的在于通过规范调整网约用工关系促进和谐劳动关系,以期在解析现状和构建制度的同时,促进劳动力市场灵活性与安全性的互持共生,促进就业规模与就业质效的和谐共振,促进用工形式灵活化与法律制度适应性的协同共进,促进保障网约工权益与维护新业态发展的双向共赢。共享经济的发展对劳动力市场外部运行环境产生了不可忽视的影响,致使用工主体向多元化发展、用工形式向灵活化发展、用工关系向多变化发展。同时,共享经济的发展又对劳动力主体内部权益产生了深远影响,使网约工的多项权益无法得到充分保护。共享经济的产生改变了传统的用工形式,对传统劳动关系产生了巨大冲击,其促使用工契约虚拟化、组织形式平台化、用工形式自由化、用工关系多元化。以工业化大生产为背景制定出来的现行劳动法律制度已经无法适应互联网技术高速发展下的共享经济用工新形式的需要。一方面,网约工的身份判定标准难以确认。新经济业态下网约用工关系呈现出新的特点,传统劳动关系认定标准对网约工的身份判定造成了内在的制约,对网约工身份的判定在司法上亦没有可遵照的统一标准。另一方面,网约用工关系的性质难以判定。网约用工关系本身形式多样、复杂多变,“雇佣”“合作”等边际概念的界限模糊难辨,网约工自身主观维权意识缺失。网约用工关系经常游走于不同概念之间,对其性质的判定时常存在争议。在研究网约用工关系的性质时,对劳动关系、雇佣关系和劳务关系等相关概念进行了辨析,并将核心问题锁定在“除劳动关系以外的雇佣关系”这一范围内。通过引入“非标准劳动关系”这一概念在网约工身份的研究上寻求新路径。借鉴英国劳动法上的worker概念来探寻“第三类劳动者”的保护路径,充分利用和借鉴已有概念体系和法律制度的现有成果,探析网约用工关系的法律属性定位。面对共享经济的迅猛发展,传统劳动关系的认定标准已无法适应与匹配网约工与网约平台之间的关系特点,对网约工的权益究竟是选择民法保护还是选择劳动法保护成为学界争论的焦点。民法自由平等的保护理念难以平衡网约平台与网约工之间的地位不平等。劳动法对劳动者采取“全盘”肯定或“全盘”否定的保护方式,对劳动者配置相同的权利义务,对用人单位分配同等的社会责任,这样“一刀切”式的保护模式亦无法适应共享经济发展的需要。可见,无论是民法保护还是劳动法保护都具有一定的局限性。在探析网约用工关系的法律保护模式时,应当正视网约工与网约平台间的劳动关系因素和内在实质特征,根据目前网约用工关系的实际情况合理地适用民法和劳动法共同调整的保护模式,待时机成熟之时,再由劳动法承担起全部保护义务。但是劳动法若想在共享经济的背景下调整网约用工关系,保护网约工的各项权益,就必须从原有单一的调整模式向分类调整模式进行转变。在充分利用原有理论框架的基础上,借助与网约用工关系有关的各类用工关系的理论和实践成果,针对新型就业的关系特点构建符合网约用工关系特点的法律保护模式。对网约工的权益保护可以通过构建适用于网约工的社会保险制度、借用集体劳动法体系框架、强化规制劳动规章制度等保护路径得以实现。社会保险权益是网约工的一项重要权益,然而实践中网约工的该项权益却频频受损,其权益保护面临重重困境。从整体来看,网约工的社会保险参保质量不高。现行社会保险制度难以适应共享经济下多元的用工关系,在网约工的社会保险权益保护方面缺乏可操作性。因此,现行社会保险制度亟待重新建构和完善,研究的重点在于分析网约工基本养老保险、基本医疗保险、失业保险和工伤保险等权益保护的制度设计思路和权益实现路径。既要考虑到网约用工的灵活性,又要考虑到共享经济的可持续发展,还要考虑到网约平台的保险义务承受力,并要借鉴已有制度的设计经验来构建适用于网约工的社会保险制度。借用集体劳动法体系的思路和规则来思考和解决网约工的权益保护问题不失为一个可行而有效的方法。从个别劳动法与集体劳动法的概念及功能对比中可以看出,将网约用工关系纳入集体劳动法体系框架进行保护具有合理性。从保护路径来看,既要对网约工集体劳动权益的范围加以界定,保证网约工集体谈判权的充分实现,又要保障工会作用的充分发挥,同时确保行业规则的自我完善。如果要将网约工权益纳入集体劳动法体系框架内进行保护,就要对集体劳动争议的治理进行体系化的建构。转变其治理方向和治理模式,搭建起立体化的结构模型,完善争议治理机制,构建多维的争议治理关系,让网约工的权益能够在集体劳动法体系框架下得到保护。劳动规章制度是调整劳动用工关系的一项重要制度,是分配劳动关系双方主体之间权利义务的依据,是约束劳动关系双方主体的重要凭借,亦是仲裁机构和司法机关对劳动争议进行仲裁和裁判的依据。共享经济下劳动规章制度在性质、表征、载体、施行、参与权等多方面都发生了异化,法律应当通过强化对劳动规章制度的规制,防止其恣意扩张或任意化,从而保护网约工各项权益的实现。劳动规章制度惩戒权的设置是直接影响网约平台和网约工权利义务的一项重要内容,但是我国劳动法对惩戒权却没有进行明确的规定。面对共享经济下网约用工关系的复杂化,法律应当加强对惩戒权的规制,以防止网约平台惩戒权的滥用。同时,更要充分发挥劳动监察的作用,对网约平台制定的劳动规章制度进行监管。进一步明确监管依据、扩大监管主体、丰富监管内容、适应监管需求,通过劳动监察对劳动规章的制定、合法性、条款性质的全面监管,使劳动规章制度能够适应共享经济下“多元化”“创新型”“灵活性”的新型用工关系。更多还原

【Abstract】 The rapid development of Internet technology has promoted the development of new forms of business,promoted the rapid development of sharing economy,promoted new forms of employment,and posed new challenges to the theory of traditional labor relations.In practice,the labor rights and interests have been frequently infringed.How To solve the realistic predicament that the net contract workers encounters in the social contradiction that intensifies continuously,which is an urgent problem to be studied and discussed in the field of labor law.The research on the protection of the rights and interests of the network contract workers has both theoretical and practical significance.On the one hand,our research is relatively weak and urgently need theoretical significance.On the other hand,the study meets the requirements of China’s economic development situation and national development plan.It can further safeguard the fairness and justice of the law,effectively solve the conflicts between labor and capital,solve the plight of the lack of legal support to protect the labor rights and interests of net contract workers,solve all kinds of phenomenons that the labor rights and interests of net contract workers have been infringed.The purpose of this paper is to promote harmonious labor relations by normative regulating the network employment relationship,so as to balance the flexibility and safety of labor market while analyzing the current situation and constructing the system,to realize resonance between expanding the employment scale and promoting the employment quality and efficiency,to dissolve the contradiction between the flexible employment form and the limitation of the labor law system,to coordinate the relationship between the protection of net contract workers’ rights and interests and the maintenance of the new type of development.The development of sharing economy has a huge impact on the external operating environment of labor market.The main body of employment develops to diversification,the form of employment develops to flexibility,and the relation of employment develops to diversification.At the same time,the development of the sharing economy has had a far-reaching impact on the internal rights and interests of the main body of the labor force,so that the net contract workers can not be fully protected in kinds of rights and interests.The emergence of the sharing economy has changed the traditional forms of employment,and it has also had a huge impact on the traditional labor relations.It has promoted the virtualization of employment contracts,the platform of organization forms,the liberalization of employment forms,and the diversification of employment relations.The above-mentioned changes make thecurrent labor law system,which is based on the background of large-scale industrial production,unable to adapt to the need of the new form of labor in sharing economy under the rapid development of Internet technology.On one hand,the identity of the net contract workers is difficult to confirm.There are multiple contradictions in the judgment of the legitimacy of the net contract workers.Under the new economic pattern,the network employment relations present the new characteristic,the traditional standard of labor relations has caused the internal restriction to the judgment of the identity of the net contract workers.There is no uniform standard to follow in the judicature.On the other hand,the nature of the network employment relationship is difficult to determine.The network employment relationship is diverse and complex,and the boundaries of such marginal concepts as "employment" and "cooperation" are blurred.The net contract workers lack the consciousness of protecting their rights.Above all,the concepts of the network employment relationship often moves between different concepts,and its nature is often disputed.When judging the nature of the network employment relationship,the core issue is locked in the scope of "employment relationship other than labor relationship" by differentiating and analyzing the related concepts such as labor relationship,employment relationship and labor service relationship.Seek a new way to confirm the identity of the net contract workers by introducing the concept of "non-standard labor relations",and explore the protection path of "the third category of workers" by referring to the concept of “worker” in British labor law.Make full use of and draw lessons from the existing concept system and the achievements of the legal system to explore the attribute of the new employment relationship.Faced with the rapid development of the sharing economy,the identification standard of traditional labor relations has been unable to adapt to the characteristics of the relationship between the network contract workers and the network contract platform.Whether it is protected by labor law or civil law has become the focus of academic debate.It is difficult to set up the protective mode of the network employment relationship.The adjustment idea of freedom and equality in civil law is difficult to balance the unequal status between the network contract platform and the network contract workers.The Labor Law of our country allocates the same rights and obligations to the laborers and the same social responsibilities to the employing units in a one-size-fits-all manner,to take the adjustment mode as "overall" protection or "overall" negates.Such adjustment model has been unable to adapt to the needs of sharing economic development.In probing into the legal adjustment mode of the network contract labor relations,we should pay attention to the labor relations factors and the intrinsic substantive characteristics between the network contract workers and the network contract platform.On the basis of making full use of the original theoretical framework,According to the actual situation of the network contract labor relations at present,it is reasonable to apply the mode of joint adjustment of civil lawand labor law.When the time is ripe,the Labor Law will assume the full obligation of adjustment.However,if the Labor Law wants to adjust the network employment relationship and protect the rights and interests of network contract labor in the sharing economy,it must change from the original single adjustment model to the classified adjustment model.And on the basis of making full use of the original theoretical framework,with the help of the theory and practice results of various employment relations related to the network employment relationship,construct a legal protective model in accordance with the characteristics of the network employment relationship.The protection of the rights and interests of net contract workers can be realized by constructing the social insurance system suitable for net contract workers,borrowing the framework of collective labor law system and regulating the labor rules.Social insurance rights and interests is an important right of net contract workers,but in practice,the net contract workers of which is frequently damaged,and the protection of their rights and interests is faced with many difficulties.On the whole,the quality of the social insurance of the net contract workers is not high,and the current social insurance system is difficult to adapt to its multiple employment relations,and lack of operability in the protection of the social insurance rights and interests of the net contract workers.Therefore,the current social insurance system needs to be rebuilt and improved,The key point of the study is to analyze the train of thought of the system design and the path of realizing the rights and interests of the basic pension insurance,basic medical insurance,unemployment Insurance and work-related Injury Insurance.We should consider not only the flexibility of net contract workers,but also the sustainable development of the sharing economy,and the carrying capacity of insurance obligation of the network contract platform,and we should use the experience of designing the system to construct the social insurance system of contract labor.It is a feasible and effective method to use the ideas and rules of the collective labor law system to think about and solve the problem of protecting the rights and interests of network contract workers.From the comparison of the concepts and functions between individual labor law and collective labor law,we can see that it is reasonable to protect the network employment relationship in the framework of collective labor law.From the view of protection,we should not only define the scope of the collective labor rights and interests,ensure the full realization of the collective agreement,but also ensure the full play of the role of the trade union,and at the same time ensure the self-improvement of the trade rules.If we want to protect the rights and interests of the network contract workers in the framework of the collective labor law system,we need to systematize the management of collective labor disputes,change its management direction and mode,set up a three-dimensional structuralmodel,improve the dispute settlement mechanism and construct multidimensional relationship of dispute management,so that the labor rights and interests of the network contract workers can be protected under a system of collective labor laws.Labor rules is an important system to adjust labor relations,which is the basis for distributing the rights and obligations between the two parties in labor relations,the important basis for restricting the two parties in labor relations,and the basis for arbitration and adjudication of labor disputes by arbitration and judiciary institutions.In the sharing economy,the labor rules have been alienated in many aspects,such as nature,representation,carrier,implementation,right of participation,etc.The law should strengthen the regulation of labor rules to prevent their arbitrary expansion or arbitrary,so as to protect the realization of the rights and interests of the network contract workers.The establishment of the disciplinary power of labor rules is an important content that directly affects the rights and obligations of the network contract platform and the network contract workers.But the labor law has no clear provisions on disciplinary power.Facing the complexity of employment relationship in the sharing economy,the law should strengthen the regulation of disciplinary power to prevent the abuse of disciplinary power of the network contract platform.At the same time,it is necessary to play the role of labor supervision to supervise the labor rules formulated by the network contract platform.Further clarify the basis of supervision,expand the main body of supervision,enrich the contents of supervision and meet the needs of supervision.Through the Labor supervision,supervise the formulation of labor rules,the legal requirements,the nature of terms in every way.So that it can adapt to "diversity","innovation","flexibility" of the new labor relations in the sharing economy.更多还原