【作者】 杨颖；

【导师】 孙亚玲；

【作者基本信息】 云南师范大学 ， 教育地理学， 2018， 博士

【摘要】 教育均衡发展是当前学者和社会各界关注的焦点,学校作为教育活动的载体,学校布局关乎教育资源的配置,合理规划学校布局是义务教育均衡发展进而实现教育公平的重要途径。当前我国经历了农村学校布局调整,在撤并学校时主要采用的标准是人口数量和学校规模,指标单一,致使农村学校布局调整后出现学生上学路程遥远、困难,增加农民负担等一系列消极影响。2012年国家叫停和规范农村学校布局调整政策,要求科学制定农村义务教育学校布局规划,如何科学规划学校布局逐渐走入研究者的视野,本研究以县域为尺度研究义务教育小学阶段学校空间布局问题,尝试从地理学、教育学、社会学等学科出发,分析学校布局影响因素、构建学校布局合理性评价指标体系,利用GIS空间分析方法,对县域学校空间布局合理性进行研究,以期对西部山区县域学校合理布局规划起到借鉴作用。本文在文献梳理的基础上,分析县域内学校布局选址应考虑的因素,包括自然地理条件(地形地貌、气候、地质、交通)和人文地理条件(人口、经济、文化、政策)两个方面。在此基础上,依据云南省地理特点建构不同地理条件下学校布局类型,包括坝区学校布局和山区学校布局,并基于学校布局影响因素分析的基础上分别构建坝区学校布局合理性评价指标体系和山区学校布局合理性评价指标体系,并提出学校布局应遵循的原则。随后,本文以云南省Y县小学作为案例进行实证研究,采取实地调查、访谈的方法,结合GIS空间分析和规划技术,建构地形、人口、学校等数据库,分析Y县农村小学布局的时空演变及空间分布特征。通过分析可知当前Y县教育资源空间配置并不均衡,邻近度分析表明行政村最远到校距离为13.63km,行政村与最近学校距离平均值为3112.03m,学校距离超过5km范围的行政村有33个,占30.28%。缓冲区分析表明随着学校的减少,小学服务面积减少,一些村庄处于学校服务盲区。基于Y县的地理特点,本研究采用山区学校布局合理性评价指标体系判定各乡镇学校布局的合理性,分析存在的问题及原因。经过学校布局合理性评价指标体系的计算,将Y县8镇一乡的学校布局合理性评价归为三种类型,在评价指标体系计算中,突出贡献的指标是人口指标、自然地理指标和交通便捷度指标。Y县小学布局呈聚集状态,校点收缩较大;学校的需求和供给不平衡,教育资源的供给无法满足需求。形成这一学校布局现状的原因主要有三方面:其一是农村学龄儿童人数减少;其二是教育投入不足,农村教育质量低;其三是教育管理部门的政策导向。学校向乡镇集中推动了城镇化进程,在一定程度上提高了学校的办学效益,然而,也带来中心校拥挤、农村小规模学校发展困难、学生上学距离变远、加重农民负担问题,教育公平并未实现。最后本研究根据该县域学校布局的特点提出学校布局优化发展策略,在学校布局中应坚持公平优先原则,停止撤并学校、多设校点,在少数民族聚集区举办小学或教学点;加强教育投入,增加农村学校教育资源供给,发展农村小规模学校,从而使学校布局满足民众对教育资源的需求,促进教育公平。更多还原

【Abstract】 The balanced development of education is the current focus of present education development.Schools are the carrier of educational activities,and their layout is closely related with the allocation of educational resources.The rational planning of school layout plays a significant role in realizing the balanced development of compulsory education and achieving educational equity.At present,China has experienced school layout adjustments of the rural areas.The main criteria adopted when schools are consolidated are the number of population and the size of schools.The indicators are single,which leads to a series of negative impacts such as long distances and difficulties for students to go to school,more burdens posed on peasants,etc.In 2012,the government halted and standardized rural school layout adjustment policies,and required the scientific formulation of rural compulsory education school layout plans,and how to scientifically design the layout of the school became an important issue.Using county as research scale,this study investigates the spatial distribution of primary schools in compulsory education,constructs school layout plan and design scheme,and utilizes GIS to analyze the rationality of the county school spatial layout.Based on literature review,we applied the theories of geography,education and sociology that relate to school layout to summarized the factors that should be considered in the layout and location of schools,which included the natural geographical conditions(topography,climate,geology and transportation)and human geography conditions(population,economy,culture and policy).Based on these factors,we constructed different school layout plans on different geographical conditions,including school layout in flat and mountain area,and established a reasonable layout evaluation index system of these schools,providing index and standard for the evaluation and calculation method,and analyze the principle of school layout in county.Subsequently,taking the primary school of Y County in Yunnan Province as an example,we conducted an empirical study.By adopting field survey and interview method,combined with GIS spatial analysis and planning techniques,the database of topography,population and school was constructed,and the temporal evolution and spatial distribution characteristics of the sample county’s rural school layout are analyzed.The reasonable layout evaluation index system of mountain area was used to determine the rationality of school layout,and the reasons were analyzed.The study found that the county has contracted significantly in recent years.Generally speaking,the supply of educational resources was less than the demand.Although the school layout in some areas has taken geographical factors into consideration,the merger and removal of schools is still continuing and the school layout tends to be concentrated.After calculation of the evaluation index system of school layout rationality,it was discovered that the layout of schools in each town of Y county has categorized into three types.In the calculation of the evaluation index system,the indicators of outstanding contribution were the coordination of population and school,natural geography and traffic convenience index.There are three reasons for this result: first,the number of school-age children in rural areas is decreasing.Second,there is a lack of educational input and the rural education is of low quality.Third,it has a bearing on the policy orientation of education administration.This spatial layout brought about consequences of the centralization of schools to the villages and towns,the crowding of central schools,the growing distance from students’ s home to school,and the rising burden of peasants.Finally,this study put forward the optimization design proposal and layout guarantee measures of rural schools in Y County.In order to achieve the goal of ensuring that school layout satisfies the requirements of the public for educational resources and students are able to enter schools nearby,we should increase the education investment,raise the supply of educational resources in rural schools,and develop rural small schools,so that,the layout of the school can meet the needs of people for educational resources and facilitate the education equity.更多还原