【作者】 马晨莲；

【导师】 胡连利；

【作者基本信息】 河北大学 ， 新闻传播学， 2019， 博士

【摘要】 “西学”是晚清以来中国文化思潮中与“中学”相对的一个概念。在近代中国,西学的传播是伴随着西方国家的强势入侵和国人被迫主动学习的过程进行的。这种传播是一种具有侵略性质的文化殖民主义侵入,其影响范围广泛而深入,由表层器物文化层面到中层制度文化层面直至深层精神意识文化层面。在“西学东渐”的影响之下,“师夷长技以制夷”思想主张及“洋务运动”“戊戌变法”“辛亥革命”“新文化运动”等社会变革运动,成为近代西学传播过程中的始点与拐点。《东方杂志》是中国近代史上首屈一指的大型综合性杂志。从1904年创刊到1948年终刊的近45年间,在不同的重大历史时期,其办刊宗旨和方针始终紧随历史和时代的变迁不断革新变化,从创刊时,以“启导国民,联络东亚”为宗旨,到关注时政与发表言论的“舆论前沿阵地”“舆论的顾问者”,再到“为国难而牺牲”“为文化而奋斗”“求中国智识者的新生”,最终以“阐明学术为主旨”,始终坚持传播世界新知的初心,为改变国家与民族命运而努力探索。《东方杂志》西学传播内容涉及领域广且专。不仅记录和传播20世纪上半叶世界的发展变化与西方科学文化知识,还积极参与中西文化交流,大量述评人文社会思想。通过对《东方杂志》西学传播内容进行量化分析,其西学传播进程总体呈现:初创期(1904-1911)积极与开放;发展期(1912-1926)反思与争鸣;成熟期(1927-1938)构建与传播;衰退期(1939-1948)失色与衰落等阶段性特征;逐渐形成审慎理性,温和渐进;开放自由,兼容并蓄的思想性特征。在西方社会思潮、文化思想与近代中国知识界激烈碰撞的时代。《东方杂志》在西方政治制度和思想、西方新文化、西方新式教育、西方自然科学和西方宗教等各个方面都站在时代最前沿发声,始终是引领风潮,针砭时弊、建言献策的先锋。择取若干问题专题研究,以点为中心全面关照。一方面将《东方杂志》西学传播置于历史背景中纵向分析,另一方面将《东方杂志》西学传播置于时代背景中横向考量,进行历史反思与现代意义思考。对当今中西文化交流和中国文化对外传播、探寻中国传统文化的当代复兴路径及增加中国文化的世界话语权和影响力都具有十分重要的历史借鉴意义。面对西方文化的强势介入,《东方杂志》站在中西社会性质差异比较的视角上,立足于中国传统文化,以一种理性、客观的态度评判东西文化,认为历史和生存环境不同与社会性质的差异导致文明的差异,东西文明一“动”一“静”,各有所长又各俱不足。主张保守中国“旧”传统文化自身特色,吸纳借鉴西方“新”文化精髓,并进行调和互补,温和改良中国传统文化的弊端,反对盲目激进。认为“新旧”只是一个程度问题,“新旧”相续,以成调和。应根据客观事实“拣择”调和。对传统文化持一种接续主义和保守主义态度。《东方杂志》认为欧西近代文化是一种“物质文化”,而传统文化是一种“精神文化”,以中国传统文化的“精神”调和统整西方“物质”文化的流弊,是中国增强国力和文化发展的必由之路。将中国“国粹”摒弃而输入西方之“物质文明”,会将东方“精神文明”的根基毁灭无存。如能将西洋文明融合成功,不仅可以改善中国文化,还可以以中国传统文化为“绳”,统整全世界文化。《东方杂志》调和、协统的文化思想。具体表现为中国文化优越论、精神救国论、新旧调和论、动静调和论、精神物质协力调和论、互助论、第四种文化观等对西方文化的态度和思想主张。在社会政治及思想的传播方面,《东方杂志》不拘泥身份与派别,广纳百家言说,既推崇西方自由主义的思潮和政治实践,也刊译社会主义思潮的言论和主张。以平民色彩的民主思想表现和不偏不倚的政治立场,广泛传播西方社会制度,译介各种社会思想和思潮。它是中国最早传播马克思学说和社会主义思潮的媒介之一,以客观译介、学理分析、积极传播为特征,积极传播马克思主义学说及社会主义思潮。对马克思主义学说、科学社会主义和基尔特社会主义、费边主义等24个社会主义流派都有大量译介和传播,并在传播过程中形成了两个高峰期,客观上为促进马克思主义及科学社会主义在中国的广泛传播打下了基础。其对西方资本主义民主制度及思潮的传播,起初是心态的自然流露。《东方杂志》创刊人之一张元济曾是“维新变法”参与人,始终坚持“革除弊政”“变法求新”的观点。希望通过“辅助教育为己任”循序渐进启导国民,开化民智,达到国富民强的理想。张元济的变革思想与清末立宪派内的开启民智、和平改革、避免流血的主张正相契合。主办者们一开始就对《东方杂志》寄予了言论救国的政治期待,使之成为晚清立宪派主要的舆论阵地。持一种“立宪救国论”的态度对宪政制度及思想进行译介与“鼓吹”,这也是《东方杂志》办刊期间唯一的一次政治立场激进倾向。然而《东方杂志》对宪政的传播也由“鼓吹”到失望,最终转向批驳和抨击的态度。“辛亥革命”结束了封建君主政体,也结束了进行中的君主立宪政体,开创了亚洲的第一个共和政体。前车之鉴与本身理性和审慎的办刊理念,使得《东方杂志》政治传播思想和主张趋于理性和成熟。虽然后来它逐渐成为资产阶级民主共和制及资产阶级民主思想的传播平台,积极传播民主共和制及联邦主义等西方民主制度和思想,但多以学理分析和知识传播为主流。近代史上西方传教士大批量来华进行传教活动,中国社会形成了前所未有的五大宗教并存的社会状态。《东方杂志》创刊于西方基督教在中国迅速发展及因中西观念差异而引起的“晚清教案”频发时期。创刊号上便设置了宗教专栏,对西方基督教和其引起的“晚清教案”问题进行传播与探讨。知识性译介西方宗教概念、历史和文化,学理性探讨和研究西方宗教学术成果,全面客观反映“晚清教案”问题。不仅启蒙了国人对西方宗教及宗教文化的认知,同时也为知识群体提供了发表对宗教问题、社会问题自由言论的平台。尤其关于“晚清教案”问题,《东方杂志》所刊载的文章和言论始终处于社会最前沿。凭借其时代敏感性和客观译介与学理分析的传播思想,引发了国人寻求解决宗教问题,探索中国宗教前途的热议与思考。东方学人用言论和文章传达着对中国宗教命运与前途的深切关注,可谓是当时社会中仅有的传播媒介。《东方杂志》这种临历史风潮变幻而独具的审慎理性、自由开放、兼容并蓄的思想传播态度,以传统文化为根基的温和渐进、借鉴吸收的文化改良主张,值得当今中国文化的发展、创新和文化振兴借鉴与思考。更多还原

【Abstract】 Western Learning is an opposite concept to Chinese Learning in the ideological trend of Chinese culture since the late Qing dynasty.In modern China,the communication of Western Learning is carried out with the strong invasion of Western countries and the process of forced learning of Chinese people.This kind of communication is an aggression of cultural colonialism,and its influence is wide-ranging and deep,from the surface of the utensil culture to the middle-level institutional culture to the deep spiritual and conscious culture.Under the influence of Western Learning,the thoughts and advocates of To Learn the Superior Skills of the Barbarians to Suppress the Barbarians and many social change campaigns,such as Westernization Movement,Wuxu Coup,the Revolution of 1911 and “May fourth” New Culture Movement,become the starting point and inflection point during the process of Western Learning communication.The Eastern Miseellany is a large comprehensive magazine that is second to none in modern Chinese history.In the nearly 45 years from the founding of 1904 to the final publication of 1948,in different major historical periods,the purpose and policy of its publications have always been innovated and changed in accordance with the changes in history and times.From the beginning of publication,it remained the purpose of “to guide the people and to contact East Asia” and then it changed its purpose of the “frontier position of public opinion” and “consultant of public opinion” of focusing on current issues and delivered opinions to “sacrifice for the national disaster”,“to fight for culture” and “to seek the new life of Chinese intellectuals”;finally it remained “clarifying academics” as the main purpose and always adhered to the initial intention of spreading the world’s new knowledge to strive to explore the destiny of the country and the nation.The Eastern Miseellany involves wide and professional content of Western Learning communication.It not only recorded and spread the development changes and western science and culture knowledge in the former half of 20 th century,but also actively participated in Chinese and Western cultural exchanges and made a lot of comments on humanistic community.Through the quantitative analysis of Western Learning communication in the Eastern Miseellany,its Western Learning communication process presented as follows: The initial period(1904-1911)was active and open;the developmental period(1912-1926)reflected and contend;the maturity period(1927-1938)constructed and spread;the recession period(1939-1948)characterized by eclipse and decline;through all periods,the Eastern Miseellany gradually form the ideological features of prudent rationality,gentle and gradual;open freedom and inclusiveness.In the era of Western social ideological trend and cultural thoughts collided fiercely with modern Chinese intellectual community.The Eastern Miseellany stands at the forefront of the times in all aspects of Western political systems and ideas,Western new culture,Western new education,Western natural sciences and Western religions.It has always been a pioneer in leading the trend and making suggestions.It selects a special study on a number of issues and takes a comprehensive focus on the point.On the one hand,the Eastern Miseellany Western Learning communication is placed in the historical background for vertical analysis.On the other hand,the Eastern Miseellany Western Learning communication is placed in the time background for horizontal analysis to consider historical reflection and modern meaning.It has a very important historical reference for the cultural exchanges between China and the West and the out-spread of Chinese culture,the exploration of the traditional renaissance path of Chinese traditional culture and the increasing world discourse power and influence of Chinese culture.In the face of the strong intervention of Western culture,the Eastern Miseellany stands on the perspective of the difference in the nature of Chinese and Western cultures,based on Chinese traditional culture and judges the East and West culture with a rational and objective attitude.Therefore,it believes that the difference between history and social nature with different living environment leads to the difference of civilization.The Eastern-Western civilization is “moving” and “quiet”,each with its own strengths and shortcomings.It advocates conserving the characteristics of China’s “old” traditional culture,absorbing the essence of Western “new” culture,and reconciling and complementing each other to gently improve the drawbacks of Chinese traditional culture and oppose blind radicalism.It is considered that the “new and old” is only a matter of degree,and the “new and old” are continued to be reconciled.Reconciliation should be based on objective facts.We should hold a continuity and conservatism attitude towards traditional culture.The Eastern Miseellany believes that European and Western modern culture is a kind of “material culture”,while traditional culture is a kind of “spiritual culture”.It is the only way of strengthening the Chinese national strength and culture by reconciling the “material” culture of the Western culture with the “spirit” of Chinese traditional culture.The abandonment of China’s “national quintessence” and introducing the “material civilization” of the West will destroy the roots of the “spiritual civilization” of the East.If we can successfully integrate Western civilization,we can not only improve Chinese culture,but also use Chinese traditional culture as a “rope” to integrate world culture.The Eastern Miseellany reconciles and co-ordinates the cultural thoughts.It is embodied in the attitudes and advocates towards Western culture,such as Chinese cultural superiority theory,spiritual national salvation theory,new and old harmonic theory,dynamic and harmonic theory,spiritual material coordination theory,mutual aid theory,and fourth cultural concept.In terms of social politics and the communication of thoughts,the Eastern Miseellany does not stick to the identity and faction but widely absorbs all schools’ theories and it not only advocates Western liberalism and political practice but also publishes the opinions and advocates of socialist thoughts.With the democratic expression of the civilian color and the unbiased political stance,it widely spreads the Western social system and translates various social thoughts and ideological trend.It is one of the earliest mediums for disseminating Marxism and socialism in China.It is characterized by objective translation,academic analysis and active communication and actively spreads Marxist theory and socialist thoughts.There are a large number of translations and communications of 24 socialist schools such as Marxist theory,scientific socialism and Geert socialism and Fabianism.They have formed two peak periods in the process of communication and objectively made foundation for promoting Marxism and scientific socialism in China.Its dissemination of Western capitalist democratic systems and ideological trend is to naturally express the state of mind at first.One of the founders of the Eastern Miseellany was once a participant in the Wuxu Coup and always adhered to the idea of “removing the malpractice” and “changing the law and seeking newness”.He hoped that through the “assisted education as the responsibility” to introduce the people gradually,the wisdom of the people will be enacted to achieve the ideal of being rich and strong.Zhang Yuanji’s thought of reform coincides with the advocates of opening up the people’s wisdom,peaceful reform and avoiding bloodshed in the late Qing dynasty.From the very beginning,the organizers placed a political expectation on the Eastern Miseellany to save the country,making it the main public opinion position of the late Qing dynasty.Holding a theory of “saving the country by making constitutions” to translate and introduce the constitutional system and ideas is the only political stance of the Eastern Miseellany during the period of publication.However,the Eastern Miseellany started from spreading the constitutionalism to being dissatisfied and finally turned to the attitude of refutation and criticism.the Revolution of 1911 ended the feudal monarchy and the ongoing constitutional monarchy and created the first republican government in Asia.The foresight and its own rational and prudent concept of running a magazine make the Eastern Miseellany tend to be rational and mature in political communication ideas and advocates.Although it gradually became a platform for the communication of bourgeois democratic republicanism and bourgeois democracy and active communication of Western democratic systems and ideas such as democratic republicanism and federalism,it was still mostly dominated by academic analysis and knowledge communication.In modern history,a large number of Western missionaries came to China to carry out missionary activities.Chinese society has formed an unprecedented social state in which the five major religions co-exist.The Eastern Miseellany was published in the period of the rapid development of Western Christianity in China and the “late Qing religious case” caused by the differences between Chinese and Western concepts.A religious column was set up on the inaugural issue to spread and explore the issue of Western Christianity and its “late Qing religious case”.Translating the knowledge of Western religious concepts,history and culture,academic rationality explores and studies of the academic achievements of Western religions comprehensively and objectively reflects the “late Qing religious case” issue.It not only enlightened the Chinese people’s cognition of Western religions and religious cultures,but also provided a platform for knowledge groups to express free speech on religious issues and social issues.Especially with regard to the “late Qing religious case”,the articles and speeches published in the Eastern Miseellany have always been at the forefront of society.With the sensitivity of the times,the objective translation and the analysis of the theory of communication,it has triggered the hot discussion and thinking of the Chinese people seeking to solve religious problems and explore the future of Chinese religion.Oriental scholars used speech and articles to convey deep concern about the fate and future of Chinese religion,which was the only medium of communication in society at that time.With the communication attitudes of unique rationality,freedom and openness and inclusiveness,with the culture reform advocates of gentle and gradual approach and absorbing others based on the traditional culture,the Eastern Miseellany is worthy of being considered in the development and innovation of Chinese culture and cultural revitalization for reference.更多还原