【作者】 王磊；

【导师】 杜颖；

【作者基本信息】 中央财经大学 ， 马克思主义中国化研究， 2019， 博士

【摘要】 数据是数字经济时代的“新石油”,是创新发展所必需的基础生产资料。习近平同志关于实施国家大数据战略加快建设数字中国讲话中提到:“发挥数据的基础资源作用和创新引擎作用,加快形成以创新为主要引领和支撑的数字经济”、“要加强政策、监管、法律的统筹协调,加快法规制度建设。要制定数据资源确权、开放、流通、交易相关制度,完善数据产权保护制度。”个人数据是大数据中的重要组成部分,因此建立健全对于个人数据的利用规则和保护路径是大数据产业发展的重要基础。如何平衡个人信息的权益保护与促进商业发展和创新是需要面对的重要课题。尽管现阶段对于数据的权利范围尚存在争议,但无论是学界还是产业各方都对其价值给予了充分的认可。对于个人数据来说,一方面通过对个人数据的个性化分析为数据主体带来了便捷的服务;另一方面由于个人数据与数据主体之间的强关联性,使得在个人数据商业化过程中很容易跨过侵犯用户隐私的红线。同时对于数据产业的各方经营者来说,以平台为例,由于数据权益现阶段尚未形成一个相对明确的保护范围,甚至对是否认定为法定权利都存在争议,因此带给平台以及整个数据产业极大的不确定性,进而现实中存在数据相关的商业利益无法保障以及司法实践对数据及个人信息的保护无法有效适用相关法律的情况。本文首先对研究对象个人数据进行界定,通过各学科对于数据与信息的认识,来解答如何界定法学视角下数据与信息的概念问题。法学视角下对于数据和信息的概念,从最初的公法向私法延伸,并在大数据分析技术不断发展的今天,已经成为一个跨多个学科的综合体,与个人数据相关的权益更是成为影响个人安宁、企业发展、国家安全的一组权利束。本文通过探讨个人数据与大数据、隐私、数据库以及知识产权客体之间的关系,进一步确定本文个人数据的范畴。个人数据在商业开发的过程中还要结合具体的情况进一步进行分类,比如敏感的个人数据、公开的个人数据、特殊的个人数据等。不同类型的数据在商业开发过程中需要遵循的原则也不尽相同,并且个人数据在商业利用过程的每个环节,也就是在数据利用过程中的各个行为阶段,也区分不同主体的不同注意义务和管理责任。个人数据的商业化应当考虑在开发过程中产业链条中的各方主体所发挥的作用与贡献,进而解决数据主体、数据开发者与社会公共利益之间存在的各种冲突,并在现有法律框架的基础上,形成个人数据保护的保护框架的理论进路。考虑到个人数据与数据主体人格利益紧密关联的特性,对个人数据商业化利用应当以不侵犯数据主体隐私为前提,并充分尊重现有法律保护框架。对于个人数据的保护,也需要考虑数据开发者在数据处理过程中对数据价值挖掘的贡献。个人数据的价值,由海量的数据主体复合而成,每个数据主体都提供了相应的价值,同样对于数据开发者来说,其商业化利用的过程是发现并挖掘其背后价值的过程。对于个人数据保护,应当从对个人数据进行利用的不同行为和不同场景出发,在符合个人数据保护的基本原则的基础上加以考量。在现阶段数据权利尚未明确的情况下,可以通过将数据权益纠纷适用反不正当竞争法加以保护,并在数据权利范畴确立后,可以借鉴知识产权法体系中的邻接权理论,从保护产业投资与劳动成果出发,来回应数据所包含的权利束中权益复杂化的情形,并进一步明确个人数据商业化利用过程中各方的权利边界。更多还原

【Abstract】 Data is the "new oil" in the era of digital economy,and it is the basic production material necessary for innovation and development.President Xi Jinping’s speech on Implementing the National Big Data Strategy to Accelerate the Construction of Digital China mentioned: "To play the role of the basic resources of data and the role of innovation engine,and accelerate the formation of a digital economy with innovation as the main leading and supporting" "It is necessary to strengthen the overall coordination of policies,regulations,and laws,and accelerate the construction of laws and regulations.It is necessary to formulate data resource determination,openness,circulation,and transaction related systems,and improve the data property protection system." Personal data is an important part of big data,how to establish and improve the use of personal data rules and protection paths are an important foundation for the development of the big data industry.To balance the protection of personal information rights and promote business development and innovation is an important issue.Although there is still controversy over the scope of rights to data at this stage,both academics and industry parties have fully recognized its value.For personal data,on the one hand,the personalization of personal data brings convenience to the data subject;on the other hand,due to the strong correlation between personal data and the person,in the process of personal data commercialization is easy to cross the red line that infringes on users’ privacy.At the same time,for the operators of the data industry,taking the platform as an example,since the data rights have not yet formed a relatively clear scope of protection,even if it is controversial whether it is recognized as a legal right,it brings the platform and the entire data industry uncertainty.There is a situation in which data-related commercial interests cannot be guaranteed and the protection of data and personal information by judicial practice cannot effectively apply the relevant laws.This paper defines the personal data of the research object firstly,and through various disciplines’ understanding of data and information,to define the concept of data and information from the perspective of law.From the perspective of law,the concept of data and information extends from the initial public law to private law,and today,with the continuous development of big data analysis technology,it has become a complex across multiple disciplines,and the related rights with personal data have become a set of rights that affect individual peace,corporate development,and national security.Further identifying the scope of personal data by exploring the relationship between personal data and big data,privacy,databases,and intellectual property objects.In the process of commercial development,personal data should be further classified according to specific situations,such as sensitive personal data,public personal data,and special personal data,etc.Different types of data need to follow the different principles in the process of commercial development,and personal data in each stage of the commercial utilization process,that is,in the various stages of the data utilization process,also distinguish the different attention obligations of different subjects and management responsibility.The commercialization of personal data should consider the roles and contributions of the parties in the industrial chain during the development process,and then resolve the various conflicts between the person,the data developer and the public interest,and in the existing law.Based on the framework,a theoretical approach to the protection framework for personal data protection is formed.Considering the characteristics of personal data and the personal interests of the data subject,the commercial use of personal data should be based on the premise of not infringing the privacy of the person,and fully respect the existing legal protection framework.For the protection of personal data,it is also necessary to consider the contribution of data developers to the data value mining process.The value of personal data is composed of a large number of people,each of who provides the corresponding value.For data developers,the process of commercial utilization is the process of discovering and mining the data value.For personal data protection,it should be considered from the different behaviors and different scenarios of utilizing personal data,in accordance with the basic principles of personal data protection.In the current situation where the data rights are not yet defined,the data rights disputes can be protected by applying the antiunfair competition law,and after the data rights is established,the neighboring rights theory in the intellectual property law system can be used to learn from the protection industry investment and starting with the results of labor,responding to the situation in which the rights in the data.更多还原