【作者】 方方；

【导师】 张晓华；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 世界史， 2019， 博士

【摘要】 在比较宗教领域,体育较少作为一个维度被纳入其中。然而在实际生活中,体育却与宗教关系密切。基督教对于近现代体育的勃发和国际传播作用突出,而中国传统养生体育无论在形态还是理论上都深受道教影响。从中古到近代,基督教、道教与体育活动之间的关系发生了重大变化,这种变化直接影响了体育的历史走向。对其变化的原因进行解读与比较,不仅有助于解决近代的体育问题,还将为基督教和道教研究提供一个新的视角。本文以唯物主义史观作为认识论基础,以宗教比较作为主要方法,试图从基督教与道教的历史演变中,去探寻两者之于体育的关系,以期对宗教学术研究有所禆益。全文分上下两编,共计六章。上编内容集中于中古时期,即前三章内容。下编内容集中于近代时期,即后三章内容。现将每章主要内容介绍如下:第一章中古时期基督教、道教视域中的体育。首先本章探讨了中世纪基督教与骑士体育、民间体育活动之间若即若离的张力关系。尽管中世纪各种体育活动不被正统教义与教会所认可,但却长期存在。这是因为教会出于现实需要而采取的模糊与暧昧的态度,同时,中世纪基督教义与现实之间存在着较大的张力与解释空间;其次分析了养生体育与道教关系,道教养生体育活动的兴盛,最根本的原因是由于养生体育实质上是道教的一种宗教修炼活动;最后对二者进行比较,理论层面两大宗教关于体育活动认知的根本区别是身体观的差异,实践层面关涉到两大宗教与世俗世界的关系问题。第二章中古时期两大宗教身体观及其对体育的影响。首先基督教身体观非常复杂,受希腊和希伯来文化的双重影响,教会对体育活动的敌视态度出发点并非敌视人的身体,而是敌视“肉身的欲望”;其次道教修炼活动发展出的养生体育活动,是建立在道教自身的身体观念之上,即高度重视“肉身”的存在,并将肉身与精神视为一个和谐的整体;最后对二者进行比较,指出道教的身体观理论与实践表现出自身高度完整性与内部的自洽性,促使养生体育活动在自身内部发展。而基督教在身体观念上充满了内在的分歧,使基督教在整体上对身体运动采取了一种矛盾的功利主义态度。第三章中古时期两大宗教体育观所折射出的神圣与世俗关系。首先指出中世纪基督教在理论上对世俗世界所存在肯定与否定并存的复杂态度,这种态度与基督教重视实践的传统结合,造成了它对体育活动否定与利用并存的复杂现实关系;其次由于道教养生体育是道教沟通神圣与世俗的重要载体,反映出道教神圣与世俗世界之间关系密切;最后对二者进行比较,基督教和体育复杂的关系显示出自身对世俗世界的适应性与自我调节能力,道教与养生体育的和谐关系则折射出道教在对待圣俗关系方面理论与实践的一致性,但正是这一点也导致了对异于自身教义之事物的封闭性。第四章近代两大宗教与体育活动关系的变化。首先指出“强身基督徒”思想出现及其体育实践,标志着近代基督教开始接受体育活动,反映出近代基督教自身发生改变;其次近代道教养生体育开始接受近代科学以适应时代变化,但与此同时道教自身却无法突破传统束缚,导致了养生体育和道教走上了分裂道路;最后对比二者,基督教的内在灵活性与注重实践之传统,形成了对待新事物的开放性,使得体育运动与近代基督教发生了内在融通。而道教养生体育在接受近代科学时破坏了自古形成的养生体育与道教宗教理论之间的一致性与和谐性,导致了道教与养生体育的分离,传统道教内在封闭性是导致此结果的要因。第五章近代两大宗教身体观的变化。进入近代后,尽管仍存敌视体育运动和肉身的保守基督教派别,但在众多接受体育运动的新教派别中,肉身获得了合法地位,中古时代灵魂与肉体的紧张关系得到化解;随着养生体育与道教的分离,道教身体观发生了分裂,表现为世俗化的养生体育所代表的“世俗身体”和固守传统的修仙术为代表的“神性肉身”;对比二者,这种差异反映出两大宗教对于近代新环境与新元素的吸收与处理能力,即是否具有开放性。此外,近代体育是建立在现代科学基础上的,能否接纳与吸收体育科学,也反映出两大宗教身体观的理性化程度。第六章近代两大宗教体育活动折射出的神圣与世俗关系。首先近代英美基督教对体育运动的提倡体现了世俗化发展趋势,但仍主要服务于个人与社会的精神拯救,而且也有其时代的特殊性,它是近代基督教根据世俗世界变化而进行自身调整的一种手段;其次近代道教与养生体育的分离折射出了道教传统上的神圣与世俗世界的割裂;最后对比二者,基督教接纳体育运动是其成功适应世俗世界变化的结果,在新教对中世纪天主教思想的改造过程中,基督教内在世俗化与理性化因素起到重要作用;相对而言,由于道教传统与世俗世界过于接近,一旦世俗世界发生巨变,宗教目标往往难以做出有效调整,养生体育亦丧失了沟通神圣与世俗的功能。结语部分对全文进行总结,并提出本研究的现代启示。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the field of comparative religion,sports is less included as a dimension.While in real life,sports has a close relationship with religion.Christianity plays a prominent role in the development and international dissemination of modern sports,while traditional Chinese health perservation sports are deeply influenced by Taoism both in form and in theory.From ancient to modern times,the relationship between Christianity,Taoism and sports activities has undergone great changes,which has directly affected the historical trend of sports.The analysis of the causes and the comparison of the changes will not only help to solve the sports problems of the modern and contemporary times,but also provide a new perspective for the study of Christianity and Taoism.Based on the historical materialism as the basis of epistemology and taking religious comparison as the main method,this thesis is tries to explore the relationship from the historical evolution of Christianity and Taoism,in order to have the benefit of the religious academic research.The thesis is divided into two parts,organized by six chapters.The content of the former part(the first three chapters)is concentrated on the middle ancient period.The content of the latter part(the latter three chapters)focuses on the modern period.The main content of each chapter are described below:The first chapter is the sports activities from the view of Christianity and Taoism in the middle ages.Firstly,this chapter talks about the tension relationship between medieval Christianity,knights sports and folk sports.Although medieval sports were not recognized by orthodoxy and churches,they persisted for a long time.It is because of the churches vague ambiguous attitude based on the situation.At the same time,there is a great tension and interpretation space between the reality and principles of Christian in the Middle Ages.Secondly,it analyzes the relationship between health perservation sports and Taoism.The most basic reason of the flourish of Taoism perservation health sports is that is a kind of religious practice of Taoism.Lastly,the comparison between the two types,the fundamental difference about the cognition of sports activities is the distinct of the body view.On the practical level,it is concerned with the relationship between the two religions and the secular world.The second chapter is the two religious views of body and their influence on sports.First of all,it introduces the complex of Christian body view which is influenced by Greek and Hebrew culture.The church’s hostile attitude towards sports is not to human body,but hostile to “physical desire”.Secondly,the physical activity developed by Taoism practice is based on Taoist concept of body,it is great importance to the existence of “physical body”,and regard the body and spirit as a harmonious whole.Finally,this thesis points out the Taoist body view theory and practice show a high integrity and internal self-consistency by comparing the two religions,which promotes the development of physical activity in their own interior.But Christianity is full of internal differences in body concept,which makes Christianity adopt a contradictory utilitarian attitude towards body movement as a whole.The third chapter reflects the relationship between the sacred and the secular reflected by the two major religious sports views.Firstly,it points out the complex attitude of affirmation and negation of Christianity to the secular world in theory in medieval times,which combined with the tradition of Christian emphasis on practice,resulting in the complicated realistic relationship between negation and utilization of sports activities.Secondly,because Taoism health perservation sports is an important carrier for Taoism to communicate the sacred with the secular,which reflects the close relationship between Taoist sacred and secular world.Finally,by comparing the two religions,the complex relationship between Christianity and sports shows their adaptability to the secular world and their ability to self-regulate,and the harmonious relationship between Taoism and health perservation sports reflects the consistency between the theory and practice of Taoism in dealing with the relation between sacred and secular,but this also leads to the closeness of otherness which are different from their own doctrines.The fourth chapter introduces the change of the relationship between the two religions and sports activities in modern times.Firstly,it points out that the emergence of the thought of “muscular Christians” and its sports practice,which symbolizes the beginning of modern Christianity’s acceptance of sports activities and reflects the change of modern Christianity.Secondly,modern Taoist health perservation sports began to accept modern science to adapt to the changes of the times,but at the same time,Taoism itself was unable to break through the traditional bondage,which led to the split path of health perservation sports and Taoism.Finally,the inner flexibility of Christianity and the tradition of paying attention to practice formed the openness of treating new things,which made sports and modern Christianity intermingle with each other.In accepting modern science,Taoism health perservation sports destroyed the consistency and harmony between the ancient health sports and Taoist religious theory,and promoted the separation of Taoism and health perservation sports.The inner closeness of traditional Taoism lead to this.result.The fifth chapter focuses on the change of the body view of the two major religions in modern times.After entering modern times,although there are still conservative Christian hostile to sports and body,the physical body has acquired the legal status in many new sects that accept sports.The tension between soul and body has been resolved from the middle ages.With the separation of health reservation sports and Taoism,the Taoist view of body has divided,which manifests “the secular body” represented by the secularization of health preservation sports and “the divine flesh body” represented by adhering to the traditional practice of immortality.Comparing the two “bodies”,this difference reflects the absorption and processing capacity of the two views to new environment and elements in modern times.That is to say,whether it is open or not.In addition,modern sports is based on modern science.Whether sports science can be accepted and absorbed,also reflects the rational degree of the two religious views on body.The sixth chapter reflects the sacred and secular relationship between the two major religious sports activities in modern times.First of all,the modern British and American Christianity advocated the sports to embody the secularization development tendency,but they still serves the individual and the society spiritual salvation and also have the special properties,.It is a way for modern Christianity to adjust itself according to the change of secular world.Secondly,the separation of modern Taoism and health perservation sports reflects the separation of the sacred and secular world in Taoist tradition.In the end,the acceptance of sports by Christianity is the result of its successful adaptation to the changes in the secular world.In the process of protestant reformation of Catholic thought in the middle ages,the intrinsic secularization and rationalization elements of Christianity play an important role.In contrast,Taoist tradition is too close to the secular world.The religious goals are often difficult to make effective adjustment with the secular world changes dramatically.At the same time,health perservation sports also lose the function of communicating the sacred with the secular.Conclusion: summarize the full text and put forward the modern enlightenment of the research.更多还原