【作者】 黄丽；

【导师】 侯敏跃；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 英语语言文学， 2018， 博士

【摘要】 作为物质生产的主要投资之一,自然资源(主要指矿产和能源资源)被称为国民经济发展的重要物质基础。因此,其在国民经济增长中的作用不言而喻。澳大利亚矿产资源丰富,矿藏多样,是世界发达国家之一,其经济在过去几十年内取得了长足发展。能矿产业是其经济发展的重要支柱之一,占其GDP的6%以上。澳大利亚的独特之处在于,一方面,其能矿产业发展迅速,另一方面,其矿业取得了相对可持续发展,其壮观、美丽、独特的自然环境成为澳大利亚人的骄傲。澳大利亚东北部生长着最古老的开花植物,是世界上生物多样性最丰富的生态系统之一。然而相比之下,其他一些资源丰富的国家,却以牺牲良好的环境为代价实现经济发展,这为本文研究澳大利亚在发展资源产业的同时如何平衡环境管理提供了必要性。矿业在澳大利亚经济中扮演着重要角色,占其出口收入的三分之一以上。矿业是由国际市场驱动的周期性行业,矿物产品价格和生产成本仍然是其发展的关键因素。上世纪中叶以来,环境管理在衡量采矿项目的竞争力和可行性方面,作用日益彰显。本文对二战后澳大利亚能矿产业内的环境管理进行了研究,将其发展过程划分为几个阶段,分别呈现了各阶段的能矿产业发展特征以及该阶段相关环境管理政策和措施。具体来看,从早期勘探到20世纪中期,澳大利亚能矿产业取得了很大进展,其公众对矿业繁荣发展津津乐道。采矿业为其国家发展所需的基础设施、服务和商品提供了原材料。然而,澳大利亚能矿产业的早期采掘、开发,对当地环境造成了严重影响。这些环境影响源自矿业的勘探和采矿矿物加工活动,包括植被直接毁坏、从废物岩堆、尾矿储存设施和露天矿场排放的酸性矿井水、以及不良的矿物复原措施。遗憾的是,在这段漫长的发展阶段里,与矿业发展有关的环境问题通常被视而不见。从20世纪50年代到80年代,澳大利亚矿业逐步走进世界一流行列,相关现代环境运动也相继涌现。环境问题成为公众争议的焦点,使得政府需发挥更大作用来解决这些问题。20世纪70年代早期,州政府开始采取措施解决一些相关环境问题。其中,环境影响报告书的编写和提交是其措施的重要组成部分。环境影响报告书要求矿业公司在开展矿业活动前,对项目进行环境评估,获得批准后才可开展矿业活动。经过这些措施,采矿带来的一些不利环境影响得到了避免或处理。然而,一些环境审批程序过于复杂和耗时,且其中许多程序难以获批,因此新采矿项目的启动效率受到了很大影响。上个世纪90年代以来,澳大利亚的矿业发展及其相关环境保护逐渐走向国际化。澳大利亚矿业公司海外矿产勘探和矿业海外投资大幅增加,海外矿业公司的勘探支出占比也大幅增加。此外,过去10年间,除加拿大、美国和西欧等传统矿产品出口地外,澳大利亚矿业公司开始在亚太地区、非洲、南美和东欧等新兴市场拓展业务。同时在此阶段,澳大利亚采矿业在良好的环境管理方面取得了很大进展,并将可持续发展战略纳入环境和矿业立法。1992年的生态可持续发展国家战略及其相关执行报告,标志着澳大利亚将可持续发展概念发展为其国家目标和政策方向之一。数十年来,澳大利亚矿业发展先进环境管理的能力不断提升,加强社区参与和发展的措施不断创新。澳大利亚的可持续发展矿业在全球享有领先地位,与其他国家矿产企业相比,其矿产企业在勘探、工程、矿物加工、环境管理、矿山安全、研究和开发以及教育和培训等方面更具竞争力。本文通过对澳大利亚能矿产业发展史和相关环境管理的研究,发现两者发展轨迹几乎并驾齐驱并长期相互作用。当环境管理得到改善,矿业发展效率会大大提升,这是源于良好的环境管理可促进采矿技术的创新,并获得公众对该行业的支持。此外,矿业发展和环境管理的相互作用最终可发展为一种生态可持续的矿业发展模式。实现生态可持续的矿业发展,需建立一种管理的、经济的和自愿的合作机制,政府、矿业公司和社区团体共同发挥作用。政府制定法规,为环境管理提供法律规范和准则;矿业公司遵守采矿原则和法规,提高采矿技术,减轻矿业活动对环境的不利影响;社区和公众可对采矿项目评估的批准提供监督,促使矿业公司履行相关环境管理规范。更多还原

【Abstract】 As one of essential investments of material production,natural resources(mainly referring to minerals and energy resources)have been regarded as the material fundamental of the national economic development.Thus it stands to reason that natural resources have played crucial parts in national economic growth.Australia is mineral rich,with a great diversity of deposits.As one of the world’s leading energy and mineral resources nations,it has advanced substantially and remained one of the developed countries over the past decades.The resources industry is one of the key pillars of its economy,accounting for more than 6 percent of its GDP.What makes Australia uniquely distinguished is that on the one hand,the Australian energy and mineral resources industry has grown dramatically,and on the other hand,Australia has achieved a relatively sustainable development and its landscape shows something that Australians are exceedingly proud of:Australia’s spectacular,beautiful and unique natural environments.The rainforests of north-eastern Australia contain the world’s most ancient flowering plants and are among the world’s most bio-diverse ecosystems.By contrast,some other countries,also abundant in diverse resources,have availed their economic advancement at the expense of the virtuous environment.This contrast justifies the study on how Australia achieves a balance between the development of its resources industry and its environment.The mining industry plays a major role in Australia’s economy,producing over one-third of the value of its export earnings.Mining is a cyclical industry,driven by international markets;the prices of minerals and costs of production remain key factors in the economics of deposits.Since the mid-1950s the considerations of environmental management have been increasingly important in determining the competitiveness and viability of mining projects.This dissertation studies on the related environment management in Australia’s energy and mineral resources industry after WWT.The whole process has been divided into several periods,presenting each phase’s characteristics of Australia’s energy and mineral resources industry together with the relevant environment managements in the industry.Generally,Australia’s mining industry starts from the 1850s gold rush,then experiences its prosperities and downturns afterwards,and advances to an ecologically sustainable industry in the new century.In detail,during its first developing phase(early period of exploration up to about mid-20~thh century),Australia’s mining industry had advanced substantially and Australia’public had much been fascinated by mineral booms,for the supply of raw materials necessary in the provision of infrastructure,services and goods for national development.However,the early practices in Australia’s energy and mineral resources industry had been responsible for some severe local impacts on environment.These impacts,arising from exploration,mining and mineral processing activities,had involved direct clearance of vegetation(and faunal habitat),on-and off-site impacts of acid mine drainage from waste rock dumps,tailings storage facilities and open pits,and poor rehabilitation practices.What a pity is that in this long period,the mining related environmental issues had usually been turned a blind eye to.The phase from 1950s to 1980s had witnessed both the emergence of a world class mining industry and the modern environment movement in Australia.Environmental issues became the center of major public controversies during this period,and governments were forced to play a much bigger role in trying to resolve them.Early in the 1970s,state governments began to establish a variety of procedures for dealing with at least some of the issues.The preparation and submission of some form of Environmental Impact Statement(EIS)became an important part of the procedure,which was necessary before approval could be obtained to go ahead with projects.After these measures and efforts,some adverse impacts from mining had been avoided or treated.However,due to the fact that some of the environmental approval procedures were too complex and time-consuming and that many of them were hard to get approved,the efficiency of starting a new mining project has been greatly influenced.Since the 1990s,both the Australia’s mining industry and its environment protection gradually grew to be internationalized.Overseas mineral exploration and mining investment by Australian mining companies have increased dramatically,so has the proportion of total exploration spending by mining companies overseas.In addition,apart from those traditional foreign export destinations such as Canada,the United States and Western Europe,Australian mining companies begin to branch their presence in the new markets such as Asia Pacific region,Africa,South America and Eastern Europe in the past decade.Meanwhile,much progress has been made in promoting sound environmental practices within the mining industry,and in incorporating the principles of sustainable development into environmental and mining legislation in Australia.The 1992 National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development,together with the reports on its implementation,represents a nationwide commitment to translate the concept of sustainable development into one of the national objectives and policy directions.In recent decades,Australia’s mining industry has developed advanced capabilities in environmental management as well as innovative approaches to community engagement and development.It has enjoyed a reputation as a world leader in the development of a sustainable mining.The mining firms in Australia are far more competitive than those in other countries across the whole chain of the industry,including exploration,engineering,minerals processing,environmental management,mine safety,research and development as well as education and training.Tracing the history of Australia’s energy and mineral resources industry and its related environmental management,the thesis concludes that the two share almost the same development pace and have always interacted with each other.When the environmental management gets improved,the efficiency of mining industry tends to be prompted,because a sound environmental management could stimulate the innovation of mining technologies and also gain the public’s support to the industry.In addition,the interaction of the two could finally grow into a model of an ecologically sustainable mining industry.To achieve an ecologically sustainable mining industry,a mixture of regulatory,economic and voluntary instruments should be established,with voluntary measures and agreement between governments,mining companies and community groups playing a central part.Government set regulatory legislations,provide the good governance on the environment;companies abide by the mining principles and improve their mining technologies,alleviating adverse impact on the environment;and communities and the public can offer their assessments on mining project approvals,monitoring mining companies’fulfillment with the related environmental management regulations and initiatives.更多还原