【作者】 杨帆；

【导师】 庄天慧；

【作者基本信息】 四川农业大学 ， 农业经济管理， 2018， 博士

【摘要】 反贫困是人类社会的一个永恒主题。从历史纵向来看,绝对贫困长期困扰人类,且至今不绝;从全球范围来看,相对贫困问题将长久普遍存在于世界的各个角落,直到共产主义社会真正实现。从我国的实际情况来看,目前已经走到了需要全面着手应对相对贫困问题的历史发展阶段。首先,随着精准扶贫、精准脱贫,打赢脱贫攻坚战的持续深入推进,我国即将在2020年完成实现中华民族几千年历史发展以来的首次整体消除绝对贫困现象;其次,在绝对贫困得到整体消除的情况下,我国的减贫治理体系将面临新的调整,相对贫困治理将被提上国家议事日程,以应对当前我国社会的主要矛盾——即发展不平衡、不充分所造成的矛盾;再次,财富分配体系的不健全导致社会收入差距扩大,阶层固化趋势有增无减,弱势群体处境状况堪忧,社会相对贫困问题日益凸显,严重阻碍了我国经济社会持续、健康、稳定发展;最后,作为世界第二大经济体,我们的公共意志、公共资源有必要、有能力在改善相对贫困者生存境遇上提升,让全体人民一起共享改革发展的繁荣成果,这是社会主义的本质要求。新生代农民工面临着愈来愈突出的相对贫困问题。本文界定的新生代农民工是指1975年及以后出生、年满16周岁、户籍身份在农村、没有接受过高等教育、现已进入城市务工或经商达6个月及以上的流动人口。实践表明,中国已经取得的现代化建设成就,包含着农民工群体做出的巨大贡献,他们是国家现代化建设中当之无愧的一支重要力量。随着老一代农民工逐渐离城返乡,新生代农民工在农民工群体中的中坚力量地位和作用越来越凸显。根据国家统计局发布的《2017年农民工监测调查报告》,从2013年开始,新生代农民工在农民工群体总量中的占比一直呈上升趋势,到2017年达到50.5%,比上年提高1.2个百分点,在农民工群体总量中的主体地位明显。受到个体、环境、制度等内外综合因素的影响,包括新生代在内的部分农民工在城镇工作、生活期间陷入了贫困。该群体相对贫困问题的存在性得到了前人研究的预测和初步的实证调查检验;而在经济高质量发展新要求下,产业结构面临转型升级,新的产业形态如“互联网+”等的出现对知识技术的要求越来越高,对劳动力的素质提出了新的挑战,这对主要在劳动密集型产业就业的新生代农民工的稳定就业形成了巨大的劳动力市场潜在冲击,该群体相对贫困问题存在着加剧的可能性。新生代农民工陷入相对贫困状态,不仅直接影响该群体的个体福利,而且,借鉴欧洲难民潮等的经验教训,极有可能对国家的可持续发展和中华民族的伟大复兴进程产生影响。因此,在以上的背景之下,理论界深入研究新生代农民工的相对贫困问题,以为实践界开展缓解新生代农民工相对贫困的实践工作提供理论指导和决策依据,显得非常必要而迫切。那么,作为流动人口的新生代农民工,其相对贫困的识别体系如何设定、相对贫困标准如何确定?该群体面临怎样的相对贫困状态?其相对贫困的影响因素有哪些、生成机理是怎样的?本文正是带着学术界需要深入探讨的这些问题,展开研究。围绕主要研究目标,将历史文献回顾、定性分析、微观抽样调查与数据分析等相结合,遵循“理论研究—实证分析—政策建议”和“宏观分析—微观考察”的研究思路,首先,从理论上辨析相对贫困与不平等的关系,并从发展经济学的视角分析不平等产生的原因及其危害,为本研究提供学理依据;其次,在可行能力的分析框架下,构建新生代农民工相对贫困的评价指标体系和贫困临界判断标准;然后,利用新生代农民工在城市的生活状况数据,对其相对贫困展开实证测度与比较研究;再次,运用计量经济学模型,探索新生代农民工相对贫困的生成机理;最后,针对新生代农民工相对贫困的特征、成因与生成机理,提出缓解新生代农民工相对贫困的对策建议。本文的研究内容概述如下:第一章为绪论,主要介绍本文的研究背景,阐述本文的研究意义,勾勒本文的研究思路、内容和框架,说明数据来源和研究方法,以及凝练本文的创新、总结本文研究存在的不足之处;第二章为核心概念界定与文献综述,在对本文研究的核心概念进行界定的基础上,对与新生代农民工相对贫困相关的文献进行了回顾与述评,指出了本文研究的创新轮廓和创新空间;第三章着重阐述了本文的理论视域——可行能力视域,本文认为,可行能力贫困理论是一种拓展了传统贫困认知的更为先进的理论,是一种新的贫困观,能够为新生代农民工相对贫困问题研究提供理论支撑,在此基础上,构建了“可行能力缺失且恶性循环-可行能力贫困-提升可行能力”的新生代农民工相对贫困研究分析框架;第四章在可行能力贫困理论的指导下,构建了针对包括能够适用于新生代农民工在内的流动人口多维相对贫困识别指标体系,为测度新生代农民工的相对贫困提供了理论指导。第五章在对新生代农民工相对贫困状态进行描述性统计分析的基础上,具体测度了新生代农民工的多维相对贫困状况,包括多维相对贫困发生率、多维相对贫困指数,以及各指标和各维度对多维相对贫困指数的贡献度。第六章从贫困的代际传递视角探索了新生代农民工经济相对贫困和多维相对贫困的生成机理,包括识别显著的影响因素、影响大小以及影响方向。第七章继续从贫困的恶性循环视角探索了新生代农民工相对贫困的生成机理,发现新生代农民工各可行能力之间存在着不规则的循环机制,该机制是其相对贫困与否的重要解释机制。在此基础上,第八章构建了针对包括新生代农民工在内的流动人口相对贫困精准识别与帮扶管理机制。第九章对全文的主要结论进行了总结,提出了缓解新生代农民工相对贫困的对策建议,并针对本文研究存在的不足之处和在研究过程中发现的新问题对该领域未来研究进行了前瞻性展望。本文的主要研究结论如下:第一,可行能力贫困理论对贫困的本质作了独到、深入的阐释,是一种拓展了传统贫困认知的更为先进的贫困认知理论,能够为新生代农民工多维相对贫困问题研究提供理论支撑。20世纪80年代,著名的发展经济学家、诺贝尔经济学奖得主阿马蒂亚·森提出并发展了可行能力(capability)理论,从反贫困的最终目的——实现人的自由发展——出发,认为提升可行能力是解决贫困问题的根本和关键。可行能力包含了两部分,即功能性活动和可行能力集。二者既有区别,又有联系。二者的区别在于,一是,二者的显露性状态不同,功能性活动是外显的、可直接观测的,而可行能力集的显露性状态则是一部分外显一部分内隐,因此不可能实现全部直接的观测;二是,从二者的从属关系来看,可行能力集包含了功能性活动;三是,从实现程度来看,功能性活动已经完成了实现,而受时间的唯一性限制,可行能力集中仅有部分成就得到了实现。二者的联系在于,功能性活动是可行能力集的外显部分,在一定程度上反映了个体可行能力的强弱;可行能力集内隐的部分则是虽未实现但有自由实现的功能性活动。可行能力理论的源头可以追溯到古希腊哲学家亚里士多德关于“生活质量”的论述,也可以追溯到“经济学之父”亚当·斯密关于“生活必需品”的理论,还可以追溯到“千年第一思想家”马克思关于人的全面发展的思想。阿马蒂亚·森通过可行能力理论对贫困的本质特征作了独到的见解,成为人类社会可持续发展进程中评价和识别贫困较有影响力的方法。在该理论中,传统意义上的收入低下仅仅是贫困的一个外在表征,而贫困的真正含义则是贫困对象的可行能力缺乏。这是一种多维贫困,也是一种相对贫困。可行能力的贫困思想表现出多元性、异质性和主体性的创新特征,实现了对收入贫困观、资源贫困观、效用贫困观、权利贫困观以及人力资本贫困观的丰富和发展。可行能力理论对贫困治理具有众多启示意义,表现在贫困识别、贫困帮扶、扶贫管理以及脱贫评估等方面,该理论在贫困研究领域具有重要的学术价值和实践贡献,能够为新生代农民工相对贫困问题研究提供理论支撑。第二,从经济条件、社会机会、透明性保证、防护性保障和政治权益等5个维度出发,结合我国新生代农民工的具体特征,构建的新生代农民工多维相对贫困识别指标体系,全面、系统、具有针对性地反映了新生代农民工多维贫困的各个潜在方面,能够为准确测度新生代农民工的相对贫困提供理论指导。本文依据可行能力理论着重强调的5种权利和机会,从经济条件、社会机会、透明性保证、防护性保障和政治权益等5个维度构建了新生代农民工多维相对贫困识别指标体系,并给出了各指标相对贫困的临界判断阈值,提供了指标数据获取和贫困表达的途径与方式,为新生代农民工多维相对贫困测度奠定了理论基础。这些权利和机会能直接扩展新生代农民工的可行能力,帮助他们更自由地生活并提高他们的整体能力,同时它们也相互补充,相互强化。贫困的多元性决定了提出一个贫困识别的完整清单是不切实际的,因此,本文在构建新生代农民工多维相对贫困识别指标体系时着重抓住新生代农民工潜在多维相对贫困的重要方面,力争实现指标体系的全面性、系统性、客观性、针对性和可操作性,以确保能够为准确测度新生代农民工的相对贫困提供理论依据。第三,实证测度表明,新生代农民工面临着较为严重的相对贫困。从单维来看,技术培训(贫困发生率为86.84%,后同)、专业技术(86.72%)、失业保险(81.55%)、工伤保险(76.02%)、闲暇时间(55.84%)、现代技能(39.48%)和工会加入(31.37%)等指标的贫困发生率较高。从多维来看,将3个指标被剥夺界定为多维相对贫困,则新生代农民工的多维相对贫困发生率达到61.30%,多维相对贫困指数达到25.10%;将5个指标被剥夺界定为多维相对贫困,则新生代农民工的多维相对贫困发生率达到35.80%,多维相对贫困指数达到17.70%。该群体中的一部分处于相对贫困状态的事实得到了数据的支撑。各指标对多维相对贫困指数的贡献度大小不一,存在明显的异质性。从各指标对多维相对贫困指数贡献度的走势来看,大致存在4种不同的走势:第一种是一直保持高贡献度;第二种是随着多维相对贫困临界值(cutoff)的增加,贡献度由高降低;第三种是随着多维相对贫困临界值的增加,贡献度由低升高;第四种是一直保持较低贡献度。从均值来看,各指标对多维相对贫困指数的贡献度位列第一的是工会加入,第二是劳动合同,第三是收入水平,失业保险、工伤保险分列第四、第五位。各维度对多维相对贫困指数的贡献度大小不一,差异明显。随着多维相对贫困临界值的增加,各维度对多维相对贫困指数的贡献度不断变化,总体呈现出两种变化趋势:一种是贡献度波动上升,一种是贡献度波动下降。从各维度对多维相对贫困指数的贡献度均值来看,贡献度最大的是政治权益,其次是防护性保障,再次是透明性保证,第四是社会机会,经济条件位列末位。以上结果表明,部分新生代农民工面临着较为严重的相对贫困。第四,贫困代际传递对新生代农民工的可行能力相对贫困具有一定的解释力,但并不充分。本文首先从贫困的代际传递视角来探索新生代农民工相对贫困的生成机理。为了弥补既有研究将“父辈”概念捆绑使用的局限,本文将“父辈”概念拆分,从父亲和母亲的异质性视角来探索父辈禀赋对子辈新生代农民工的相对贫困影响,探讨父辈状态对子辈新生代农民工相对贫困影响机理的异质性。研究结果表明,第一,父亲和母亲的禀赋均不对新生代农民工的经济相对贫困产生显著影响;第二,新生代农民工自身的性别、是否拥有专业技术资格证书等人口统计学特征和人力资本特征对其经济相对贫困与否产生了显著影响,其中,专业技术的影响最大;第三,父亲教育和父亲政治面貌显著影响子辈新生代农民工的多维相对贫困,而母亲禀赋依然不对新生代农民工的多维相对贫困产生显著影响。第四,教育水平、语言技能、专业技术等新生代农民工自身的人力资本特征是决定其是否陷入或摆脱多维相对贫困的重要因素。综上可见,父辈禀赋对子辈新生代农民工的相对贫困具有一定的影响,父亲和母亲对新生代农民工多维相对贫困的影响存在着显著的异质性,但是,父辈的禀赋对子辈新生代农民工相对贫困的影响是有限的,表现在父亲和母亲的禀赋均不对新生代农民工的经济相对贫困产生显著影响,同时,只有父亲禀赋对新生代农民工的多维相对贫困产生显著影响,而母亲禀赋则不对新生代农民工的多维相对贫困产生显著影响。因此,通过提升可行能力,新生代农民工完全有可能摆脱父辈资源禀赋的影响,摆脱相对贫困陷阱;同时可见,贫困代际传递不足以完全解释新生代农民工的相对贫困生成机理。第五,可行能力之间的恶性循环能够有效解释新生代农民工的相对贫困生成机理,但这种循环并非规则的完整性循环,而是不规则的非完整性循环。本文以健康、现代技能和收入三项可行能力之间的因果累积循环关系为例,运用三阶段最小二乘法(3SLS)来验证新生代农民工可行能力之间恶性循环的贫困生成机理。研究结果表明,第一,现代技能和健康水平均在1%的水平上对新生代农民工的收入相对贫困与否产生显著性影响;第二,健康水平在1%的水平上对新生代农民工的现代技能相对贫困与否产生显著正向影响;第三,收入和现代技能均在1%的水平上对新生代农民工的健康相对贫困与否产生显著正向影响。综上,各可行能力之间互为因果的累积循环关系在新生代农民工相对贫困问题中得到基本验证,贫困恶性循环理论在新生代农民工相对贫困的生成机理中再次得到了印证,该理论对贫困生成阐释强大的理论生命力也再次得到了证明。第六,包括新生代农民工在内的城市流动人口相对贫困识别与精准帮扶管理需要以提升可行能力为基本目标,构建政府、市场、社区、社会和贫困者自身协同推进的贫困治理格局。本文从精准识别、精准帮扶、精准管理等3个维度,设计了包括针对新生代农民工在内的城市流动人口相对贫困识别与精准帮扶管理具体实施措施。根据贫困的环境嵌套理论,本文认为,城市流动人口相对贫困识别的标准应坚持以城市基本生活水平为依据;城市流动人口相对贫困帮扶应坚持内容全面、分类施策的基本原则,重点从经济条件、社会机会、透明性保障、防护性保证、政治权益等可行能力入手;流动人口脱贫精准管理需要坚持有进有出、策随人动的基本原则。本文认为,城市流动人口贫困治理工作需要结合我国国力、国情循序渐进地推进。近期急需开展的工作,是将流动人口真实纳入我国贫困救助的范围里。这项工作需要主要在城市而非农村完成。从长远来看,建立起一张密不透风的社会保障防护网,同时改革户籍制度,从源头上去除户籍对享受社会保障的不公正约束,是防止包括流动人口在内的所有潜在贫困个体跌入贫困陷阱的最根本保障。这需要国家从战略层面对社会财富分配方案做出适当调整,是一场触及全体国民利益、涉及国民待遇平等性的深度改革。本文的创新之处:第一,本研究从可行能力视角构建了新生代农民工相对贫困研究的理论分析框架。遵循经典的贫困研究范式——“测度-解释-行动”,即贫困识别、贫困归因和贫困治理研究范式,本研究提出从可行能力维度识别新生代农民工的相对贫困,从可行能力恶性循环分析新生代农民工相对贫困形成机理,从提升可行能力的角度帮助贫困的新生代农民工摆脱贫困这一理论分析框架,为相对贫困研究提供了一个新颖的视角和更为体系化的理论分析框架。同时,本文还检视了贫困研究领域两大经典理论——即贫困代际传递理论和贫困恶性循环理论在当前我国新生代农民工群体中的适用性,在贫困恶性循环理论基础上提出了不规则贫困恶性循环理论,对贫困恶性循环理论做出了一定的丰富和发展。第二,本研究将可行能力的5个重要维度与我国新生代农民工的具体特征相结合,创新性地构建了具有针对性的新生代农民工相对贫困识别指标体系,利用国内专业社科调查机构数据,率先测度了新生代农民工的相对贫困状况,为该群体相对贫困治理实践提供了数据支撑;通过理论分析和实证检验,探索出了可行能力各维度在新生代农民工相对贫困中的交互作用,以新生代农民工为观察样本,为人们从可行能力的恶性循环视角认知贫困生成机理提供了边际知识贡献。第三,在政策层面上,针对目前我国反贫困政策对新生代农民工等流动人口的缺失,提出按照“政府主导、企业主体、社区主力、社会参与、激发活力”的基本原则,从可行能力的5个重要维度,改善经济条件,拓展社会机会,赋予透明性保证,给予防护性保障,保障政治权益,加强对以新生代农民工为代表的流动人口相对贫困治理思路,为中国特色社会主义进入新时代后我国贫困治理体系的调整和转型提供了前瞻性的决策参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 Anti-poverty is an eternal theme of the human society.From a historical perspective,the absolute poverty has been perplexing human development for a long time.From the global point of view,the problem of relative poverty will remain in all corners of the world for a long time,until the communist society is truly realized.Based the actual conditions of China,it has come to the stage of historical development that needs to tackle the problem of relative poverty in an all-round way.Firstly,with the precise poverty alleviation continuously deepening,China is about to complete the first complete eradication of absolute poverty for the first time since the Chinese nation’s history of thousands of years in 2020.Secondly,in the case of the integral eradication of absolute poverty,our country’s poverty alleviation system will be facing the new adjustment.The relative poverty governance will be put on the national agenda to deal with the main contradiction of China’s society after the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics.The main contradiction means the contradiction between the growing needs of the people and the undeveloped,unbalanced society.Thirdly,the disorder of justice in the community distribution system and the social exclusion of the vulnerable groups have made the social relative poverty exacerbating;therefore,the relative poverty has become an important hindrance factor for the economic and social development of our country.Finally,after the rapid development in the result of the forty years reform and opening,China has leaped into the second largest economy in the world.The public will,public resources should be improved to work on a better living conditions of the relative poverty,so that all the people can share the fruits of reform and development.The new generation of farmer workers is facing more and more prominent relative poverty problem.Farmer workers are important forces in the modernization drive and they have made great contributions to economic and social development.According to the report of the survey on farmer workers in 2016 released by the National Bureau of Statistics,the new generation of farmer workers has become the backbone of farmer workers and plays an important role in urban construction,accounting for 49.7% of the total number of farmer workers in the country,1.2% higher than that of the previous year.Influenced by the comprehensive factors such as individual,environment and institutions,some farmer workers,including the new generation,have fallen into poverty during their work and life in towns.The existence of the relative poverty problem of this group has been predicted and tested by previous researches and preliminary empirical investigations already.The new normal economy has formed a huge potential impact on the stable employment of the group,and its relative poverty is likely to be aggravated.The new generation of farmer workers in a relative poverty state directly affects the individual welfare of the group;furthermore,learning from the experience and lessons of European refugee tide,if the relative poverty problem of farmer workers cannot be effectively solved,there may have a great negative influence on the society development and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.Therefore,in the context of the above background,it is very necessary that the theoretical circle should deeply study the relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers to provide theoretical guidance and decision-making basis for the practice.Then,how to establish the relative poverty identification system and the relative poverty standard for the new generation of farmer workers? What living conditions does the relative poverty facing? What are the influencing factors of relative poverty and how are they generated? This article starts with these problems that have not been explored in academic circles by now.The following are the main research contents of this dissertations.The first chapter is the introduction,focusing on the research background,the significance,objectives,ideas,contents,the framework,figures,methods,the innovation and deficiencies.The second chapter contains the literature review and basic conceptions.On the basis for reviewing the relevant literature,the second chapter points out the outline and the room of innovation in this study,defining the key conceptions,and putting forward the premise of this paper.The third chapter focuses on the theoretical horizon,a view of capability.This paper holds that the capability theory is a more advanced theory than the traditional poverty cognition.It is a new conception of poverty,which can provide theoretical support for the study of the relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers.Under the guidance of the capability theory,the fourth chapter constructs a multi-dimensional relative poverty identification index system for the farmer workers,including the new generation of farmer workers.The system provides a theoretical guidance for measuring the new generation of farmer workers relative poverty.The fifth chapter,basing on the descriptive statistical analysis of the relative poverty for the new generation of farmer workers,has measured the multi-dimensional relative poverty conditions of the new generation of farmer workers,including the incidence of multidimensional relative poverty,the multidimensional relative poverty index,and the contribution of the indicators and dimensions to the multidimensional relative poverty index.The sixth chapter,from the perspective of intergenerational transmission of poverty,explores the formation mechanism of the relative poverty and multidimensional relative poverty of the new generation farmer workers,including the identification of significant influencing factors,the sphere of the influence and the direction of the impact.The seventh chapter continues to find the formation mechanism of the relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers from the perspective of the vicious cycle of poverty.In this part,there is an irregular circulation mechanism that is an important explanation mechanism for its relative poverty.On this basis,the eighth chapter constructs a mechanism for identifying precisely and assisting the relative poverty of the transient population,including the new generation of farmer workers.The ninth chapter summarizes the main conclusions of the full text and puts forward some countermeasures to alleviate the relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers.There are six main conclusions in this paper: firstly,the theory of capability is a distinguishing understanding of the essence of poverty,and provides theoretical support for the study of the relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers.Also,the capability theory is a cognition more advanced than the traditional one.The Nobel prize winner,Amartya Sen proposed and developed the capability theory in 1980 s,and he emphasized the importance of improving the capability in dealing with the world’s poverty problems,including in developed countries.The capability includes two parts: the functional activity and the capability set.There are both differences and connections between the two parts.The differences between the two parts are as following: the exposing state is different.The functional activity is explicit and can be observed directly,while the exposing state of the capability set is partly explicit.So,it is impossible to be observed directly.From the affiliation perspective,the capability set contains functional activities;From the level of implementation,functional activity has been realized already,but limited by the uniqueness of time,only a part of the capability set has been realized.The connections between the functional activity and capability set is that functional activity is an explicit part of the capability set,which reflects the strength of the individual’s capability to a certain extent.Furthermore,the implicit part of the set of capability is a functional activity that has not been realized but has the room of free realization.The source of the capability theory can be traced back to the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle’s dissertation of “goodness”,and it can also be traced to the theory of “the necessities of life” put forward by Adam Smith.In the thought of “the first thinker of the Millennium”,Marx,about the all-round development of human beings still can be found.Through the capability theory,Sen has made an original view of the essential characteristics of poverty,and his achievement has become an influential method in the process of sustainable development of human society to evaluate and identify the poverty.In this theory,low income in the traditional sense is an external representation of poverty;however,the essence of poverty is the lack of the capability to get a rid of the poor.That refers to a multidimensional poverty,and a relative poverty.Moreover,the capability theory shows the innovation characteristics of diversity,heterogeneity and subjectivity,and the theory has realized the transcendence of the income poverty view,the resource poverty view,the utility poverty view,the right poverty view and the human capital poverty view.It has many inspirations for poverty control,which is manifested in poverty identification,poverty aids,poverty alleviation evaluation.Also,the theory has an important academic value and practical contributions in the field of poverty research,provides a theoretical support for the study of the relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers.Secondly,based the 5 dimensions emphasized by the capability theory,including economic conditions,social opportunities,transparency guarantee,protective guarantee and political rights,the multi-dimensional relative poverty identification index system of the new generation farmer workers is constructed,which reflects the various potential aspects of the multi-dimensional poverty of the new generation farmer workers comprehensively,systematically and pertinently.The poverty identification system provides a theoretical guidance to measure the relative poverty of farmer workers accurately,and gives the critical threshold of each index related to relative poverty.Although the pluralism of poverty determines that a complete list of poverty identification is unrealistic,it can be considered that the index system proposed in this study is more comprehensive,systematic and feasible.The identification system reflects the multidimensional phase of the new generation of farmer workers through the review and theoretical analysis of the existing literatures,grasping the principal contradictions and main aspects of contradictions.Thirdly,empirical measurement shows that the new generation of farmer workers is facing serious relative poverty.From the single dimension,the incidence of poverty is much high in professional technology(the incidence of poverty is 86.72%),technical training(86.84%),unemployment insurance(81.55%),industrial injury insurance(76.02%),leisure time(55.84%),modern skill(39.48%)and participation of Trade Union(31.37%).By contrast,from the multi-dimensional point of view,when the 3 indicators are deprived to be defined as multidimensional relative poverty,the incidence of multi-dimensional relative poverty of the new generation farmer workers reaches 61.30%,and the multidimensional relative poverty index reaches 25.10%.However,when the 5 indicators are all deprived to be multidimensional relative poverty,the incidence of multi-dimensional relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers is 35.80%,and the relative poverty index reaches 17.70%.The fact that part of the group is in relatively poverty is supported by figures.Each indicator has different contributions to the multidimensional relative poverty index,and it reveals an obvious heterogeneity.From the trend of the contribution to the multidimensional relative poverty index,there are roughly 4 different trends: the first one is that trend always keeps the high contribution;the second is with the increase of cutoff value,the contribution degree decreases;the third is with the increase of cutoff value,the contribution degree is declining then gradually rising,and the fourth trend is keeping the low tribute.From the mean point of view,the first contribution of indicators to the multidimensional relative poverty index is union accession;and the second is the labor contract;the third indicator is the income level.However,the unemployment insurance and the industrial injury insurance occupy the fourth and fifth.The contribution of each dimension to the multidimensional relative poverty index varies greatly.With the increase of cutoff value,the contribution degree of each dimension to the multidimensional relative poverty index is constantly changing.In conclusion,there are two trends in the whole: the increasing and decreasing contribution with some fluctuation.From the average contribution of various dimensions to the multidimensional relative poverty index perspective,the greatest contribution is political rights,which is followed by protective guarantee and the transparency guarantee,the social opportunities,and the economic condition is at the end.The above results indicate that part of the new generation of farmer workers are facing serious relative poverty.Fourthly,the poverty intergenerational transmission has power to explain the relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers,but it cannot sufficiently account for it.This paper from the perspective of intergenerational transmission of poverty explores the formation mechanism of the relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers.In order to compensate for the limitations of existing research that binds the concept of father’s generation,this paper divides the concept of father’s generation into two parts,from the heterogeneity of father’s and mother’s perspective,exploring how the parents’ endowment affects to the younger generation of farmer workers.The results show that,firstly,both father’s and mother’s endowment do not have a significant impact on the economic relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers.Secondly,the demographic characteristics and human capital characteristics,for instance,the gender,professional technical qualification certificates and so on all of them has a significant influence on the relative poverty on the new generation of the farmer workers.The professional technology is the most important indicator.Thirdly,the father’s education degree and political affiliation significantly affect the multi-dimensional relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers.However,mother’s endowment still has no significant impact on the multidimensional relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers.Fourthly,the characteristics of the human capital of the new generation of farmer workers,such as educational level,language skills and professional technical qualification certificates,are the important factors to determine whether they fall into or get rid of the multidimensional relative poverty.In conclusion,it can be observed that the parents’ endowment has a certain influence on the relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers,but the influence of father and mother’s endowment on the multi-dimensional relative poverty of the new generation of farmer workers has a significant heterogeneity.The parents’ endowment to the younger generation of farmer workers is limited in the relative poverty,which is manifested that only the father’s endowment has a significant impact on the multi-dimensional relative poverty,while the mother’s endowment does not have.Therefore,the new generation of farmer workers can get rid of the influence of their parents’ endowment and the relative poverty trap by improving the capabilities.At the same time,it compares that the intergenerational transfer of poverty is not enough to explain the formation mechanism of the relative poverty generation of the new generation of farmer workers.Fifthly,the vicious cycle between capabilities can effectively explain the formation mechanism of relative poverty generation for the new generation of farmer workers,but this cycle is not regular,integrated.In this paper,taking the three capabilities of health,modern skills and income as examples,tries to verify the formation mechanism of the vicious cycle that about the capabilities of the new generation of farmer workers.The results illustrate that,the level of modern skills and health condition have a significant impact on income relative poverty at the level of 1%;the health condition has a significant positive impact on the relative poverty of modern skills at the level of 1%;the income and modern skills are relevant to health condition at the level of 1%.To sum up,the poverty vicious circle about the capabilities has been basically verified in the relative poverty problem of the new generation of farmer workers.Sixthly,the relative poverty identification and accurate management of the urban transient population,including the new generation of farmer workers,should adhere to the basic principles containing the government leading,the main body of the enterprise,the main community,the social participation and the stimulating vigor,and build the coordinating poverty governance pattern of the government,the market,the community,the society and the poor themselves.From the dimensions of precision identification,precision help and precision management,this paper designs the specific measurement for the identification of relative poverty and the management of the accurate help of the urban transient population,including the new generation of farmer workers.This article holds the points that the criteria for the identification of the relative poverty of the urban transient population should be based on the basic living standard of the city,and the policy for solving the relative poverty of the urban transient population should be comprehensive and classified,with emphasis on the capabilities of economic conditions,social opportunities,transparency guarantee,protective guarantee and political rights.In order to solve the problem,the precise management of the transient population needs to stick with the principles of “getting in,out” and “following the action”.This paper argues that the poverty alleviation of urban transient population needs to be progressively integrated with China’s national strength and conditions.The urgent task soon is to integrate the transient population into the scope of poverty relief in China.This work needs to be done mainly in cities instead of the countryside.In the long run,it is the most fundamental guarantee to prevent all potential poor individuals,including the transient population,to fall into the poverty trap,by setting up a thick network of social security protection,and reforming the household registration system to remove the injustice constraints of the household registration by addressing its root causes.This requires to make appropriate adjustments from the strategic level to the distribution of social wealth,and it is a deep reform that touches the interests of all the people.The innovation of this article is mainly reflected in the following three points: first,from the theoretical innovation perspective,this paper has discussed the relative poverty from the view of the capability,and expanded the theoretical perspective of the research on relative poverty mainly from the economic dimension,which enriches the theoretical connotation of relative poverty and provides more scientific theoretical framework.At the same time,this paper also examines the two classical theories in the poverty research field,namely,the theory of intergenerational transmission of poverty and the theory of poverty vicious cycle in the current new generation of farmer workers in China.Based on the poverty vicious cycle theory,the irregular poverty vicious cycle is put forward,and the poverty vicious cycle theory is made a certain amount of enrichment and development.The second innovation point,from the perspective of method innovation,this paper uses the three-stage least squares method(3SLS)to analyze the capabilities of the new generation of farmer workers relative to the poverty vicious cycle,and to find a more applicable measurement analysis method for the empirical test.The 3SLS method is a quantitative analysis method to deal with endogeneity effectively.Based on the two-stage least square method(2SLS),the 3SLS method estimates the moment matrix of the disturbance term of the structural equation modeling firstly,and then uses the moment matrix of the structural equation perturbation term to estimate the coefficient of the whole system equation.When the moment matrix of the structural equation perturbation term is a nondiagonal matrix,there is a correlation between the perturbation term of the structural equation modeling,the results of the 3SLS method have the characteristic of complete information,which is more efficient than the 2SLS method.Thirdly,from the view of content innovation,this paper first has measured the relative poverty situation of the new generation of farmer workers by using the latest domestic data which investigated by the professional social science investigation institutions and provided data support for the practice of relative poverty management for this group.Then,this paper taking the new generation of migrant workers as the observation sample has explored the interaction between capabilities and the relative poverty of the new generation farmer workers in each dimension through theoretical analysis and empirical test,and provided the marginal knowledge contribution for people to recognize the formation mechanism of poverty generation.At last,at the policy level,the fact that the current anti-poverty policy in our country ignores the transient population of the new generation of farmer workers,is put forward.In accordance with the basic principles of “the government leading,the main body of the enterprise,the main community,the social participation and stimulating the vitality”,the relative poverty management thought on the transient population represented by the new generation of migrant workers will be strengthened,and a prospective decision reference is provided for the adjustment and transformation of the poverty management system in China after the entry of the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics.更多还原