【作者】 刘娟；

【导师】 钟毅平；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 基础心理学， 2019， 博士

【摘要】 自我欺骗不仅会伤害到自我欺骗的个体并造成个体损失,还会促使不道德行为发生,导致企业、政府的破产,甚至会酿造社会灾难。探究如何消退这种代价高昂的自我欺骗,有助于个体和组织更好地监控自我和他人的自我欺骗行为来避免个体或者组织的损失,并会减轻自我欺骗对个体和社会产生的危害,可促进个体和社会健康的发展。本研究采用前瞻性实验范式,通过消极反馈(自然状态下自我行为认知或自我欺骗发生前、后的他人反馈干预)和作弊妨碍(自我欺骗发生前的不道德行为干预)来探究自我欺骗的消退机制。研究一采用前瞻性范式,来考察自我欺骗中的积极信念,并考察消极反馈对这种积极信念的影响。实验1中答案组(测试图的下方提示答案)和控制组(无答案提示)需要完成两次测试,在测试1后,被试对测试1成绩进行估计,并预测测试2的成绩。实验结果发现,相比控制组,答案组被试在测试2的预测成绩更高,且两组被试真实成绩无差异,这表明答案组被试发生了积极的自我欺骗。实验2在测试1后分别给予两组被试消极反馈(vs.无反馈),然后测量两组被试在两次测试中预估成绩与真实成绩。实验结果发现,与无反馈条件相比,反馈条件下答案组和控制组被试的测试2的预测成绩无显著差异。研究二采用前瞻性范式,考察消极反馈在时间进程上(4次测试、2次消极反馈)对自我欺骗消退的影响,以及不同消极反馈(无、模糊、真实)对自我欺骗消退的影响。实验3在测试2以后提供两组被试两次消极反馈(vs.无反馈),结果发现,测试1中在无反馈和消极反馈下答案组的真实成绩和估计成绩均显著高于控制组。测试2、3、4中无反馈条件下的预测成绩显著高于消极反馈条件。结果还发现,组间比较的自我欺骗结果与组内比较的不一致。实验4在采用金钱奖励和不同消极反馈条件来进行实验操作。结果发现,测试1中,三种反馈条件下的答案组估计成绩和真实成绩显著高于控制组。测试2、3、4的无反馈条件下的预测成绩显著高于模糊消极反馈和真实消极反馈,模糊消极反馈条件的预测成绩显著高于真实消极反馈。组间比较的结果与组内比较结果保持一致。实验5在实验4的基础上,启动金钱奖励下的竞争模式。结果发现,测试1中,三种反馈条件下,竞争组与无竞争组之间的估计成绩和真实成绩均无显著差异。无反馈条件,测试2、3、4竞争组的预测成绩组显著高于无竞争组;在模糊消极反馈条件下,测试2和测试4的预测成绩显著高于无竞争组。研究三采用前瞻性范式,来考察消极反馈条件下作弊妨碍对自我欺骗消退的影响,以及不同自尊者的个体差异。实验6中设置了作弊妨碍,即被试需要按键主动看答案作弊。结果发现,在测试1中,三种反馈条件下,妨碍组被试的估计成绩和真实成绩均显著低于无妨碍组;在无反馈条件下的3次测试和在模糊消极反馈条件下测试2中妨碍组被试的预测成绩显著低于无妨碍组。实验7筛选出高低自尊被试施测,结果发现,测试1中妨碍组和无妨碍组的高低自尊者的估计成绩和真实成绩均无显著差异。无妨碍组中,在测试2、4中无反馈条件和模糊消极反馈下,以及测试3中真实消极反馈条件下,高自尊被试的预测成绩均显著高于低自尊被试。妨碍组中的高低自尊者的预测成绩在不同反馈条件下均无显著差异。这些研究结果表明,“前瞻性”范式是一种研究自我欺骗的有效实验方法,它能有效通过诱导的作弊行为来建立积极信念,进而诱发自我欺骗的发生。实验中,相比无动机条件下,金钱奖赏的动机有利于诱发自我欺骗。消极反馈通过自我欺骗发生前阻碍个体积极信念的建立和自我欺骗发生后削弱个体积极信念,并提高自我认知,来减少自我欺骗的发生。自我欺骗不会在消极反馈后立即消失,而在时间进程中逐渐消退。模糊消极反馈能够有效地减少自我欺骗的发生,但并不能消退自我欺骗;真实消极反馈比模糊消极反馈更能有效地削弱自我欺骗的发生,并能促进自我欺骗的消退。作弊妨碍可有效地减少了作弊行为和对自我成绩积极信念的建立,提高自我作弊行为的意识,从而削弱自我欺骗,并在消极反馈条件下加速自我欺骗的消退。自尊与自我欺骗呈正相关,且高自尊者的自我欺骗的消退要慢于低自尊者,但这种相关性只在无作弊妨碍条件下有效。自我欺骗消退后,个体有着更好的成绩表现。个体会在自我欺骗消退中受益,消退自我欺骗有利于个体的长期发展。自我欺骗的消退不仅来自个体对自我行为的内省,也来源于他人或者组织者的消极反馈、不道德行为的干预。社会或企业的组织者可以通过重复多次消极反馈来消退个体自我欺骗,采用真实模糊反馈可以更有效地消退自我欺骗;也可塑造个体的积极价值标准,通过不道德行为的干预(如作弊妨碍)来提高不道德行为意识,进而有效地促进自我欺骗的消退。更多还原

【Abstract】 Self-deception will not only hurt self-deception individuals and cause individual losses,but also promote unethical behavior and lead to the bankruptcy of enterprises and governments,even has even brewed social disasters.Exploring how to reduce such costly self-deception can helps individual better monitor their self-deception behavior to prevent individual losses and prevent the harmful effects of self-deception on society,and promote the healthy development of individuals and society.Therefore,we used the forward-looking paradigm to explore the decay mechanism of self-deception through negative feedback(natural self-behavior cognition or other people’s feedback intervention before and after self-deception)and cheating prevention(immoral behavior intervention before self-deception).Research 1 applied the forward-looking paradigm to examine how positive beliefs appear in self-deception,and to further reveal the influence of negative feedback on positive beliefs to decrease self-deception.In Experiment 1,the answer group(with answer hints provided below the test material)and the control group(without answer hints)completed two tests.Participants estimated their Test 1 scores,predicted their performance on the upcoming Test 2 without answer hints,and completed Test 2.Their actual scores on the two tests were recorded.The results showed that the answer group predicted higher Test 2 scores than the control group,but the two groups did not differ in their actual scores.These results showed that the answer group had positive self-deception.In Experiment 2,the two groups were given negative feedback(vs.no feedback)after Test 1,and the changes between their estimated scores on Test 1 and their predicted score and actual score on Test 2 were measured.The results indicated that there was no significant difference in the estimated scores and the predicted score between the two groups under the feedback condition compared with the negative feedback condition.Research 2 used the forward-looking paradigm to examine the effect of negative feedback on the decay of self-deception over time and the influence of different negative feedback(no,ambiguous,real)on the decay of self-deception.In Experiment 3,the participants in the answer group and the control group were provided with two times of negative feedback(vs.no-feedback)after Test 2.The results showed that the actual scores and estimated scores of the answer group under the no-feedback and negative feedback condition were significantly higher than those of the control group in Test 1.In Test 2,3 and 4,the predicted scores under the condition of no-feedback were significantly higher than the condition of negative feedback.The results also showed that the self-deception results of inter-group comparisons were inconsistent with those of intra-group comparisons.Experiment 4 was conducted with monetary reward and different negative feedback conditions.The results showed that the estimated scores and actual scores of the answer group which under the three feedback conditions were significantly higher than those of the control group in Test 1.In Test 2,3 and 4,the predicted scores that without feedback are significantly higher than those under the ambiguous negative feedback and the real negative feedback,and the predicted scores under ambiguous negative feedback are significantly higher than those of under the real negative feedback.The results of comparison between groups were consistent with those within the group.Experiment 5 initiated the competition mode under the monetary reward on the basis of Experiment 4.The results showed that there were no significant differences between the estimated scores and the actual scores in the competition group and the non-competition group under the three feedback conditions in Test 1.Under the no-feedback condition,the predicted scores of competition group was significantly higher than those of the non-competition group in the Test 2,3,and 4.Under the ambiguous negative feedback condition,the predicted scores of competition group were significantly higher than those of the non-competition group in Test 2 and 4.Research 3 applied the forward-looking paradigm to examine the effects of cheating prevention under the negative feedback conditions on the decay of self-deception and the individual differences in self-esteem.Experiments 6 were set up cheating prevention,and participants need to press the key to actively see answer if they were cheating.The results showed that the estimated scores and actual scores of the prevented group were significantly lower than those of the no-prevented group under the three feedback conditions in Test 1.The predicted scores of the prevented group were significantly lower than those of the no-prevented group under the no-feedback condition in Tests 2,3 and 4 and the ambiguous negative feedback in Test 2.Experiment 7 selected participants with high or low self-esteem to measure.The results showed that the estimated scores and actual scores of high or low self-esteem for participants of the prevented group and the no-prevented group were not significantly different in Test 1.In no-prevented group,the predicted performance of high self-esteem participants was significantly higher than that of low self-esteem participants under the no-feedback conditions and ambiguous negative feedback conditions in Test 2 and Test 4,and under the real feedback conditions in Test 3.In the prevented group,there was no significant difference between high and low self-esteem under different feedback conditions.These findings demonstrated that the effectiveness of the forward-looking paradigm can induce cheating through the answer and activate participants’ positive beliefs to promote the occurrence of self-deception.In the experiment,the motivation of monetary reward is more conducive to self-deception than that of non-motivation.Negative feedback can decrease the occurrence of self-deception by reducing the positive beliefs of individuals and improving self-awareness to prevent or eliminate the negative impact of self-deception.Self-deception does not disappear immediately after negative feedback,but gradually fades in the course of time.Ambiguous negative feedback can effectively reduce the occurrence of self-deception,but it cannot decay self-deception.Compared with ambiguous negative feedback,real negative feedback can weaken the occurrence of self-deception more effectively,and it can also promote the decline of self-deception.Cheating prevention is the effective reduction of cheating and the establishment of positive beliefs to decrease self-deception,and cheating prevention under the negative feedback can accelerate the decline of self-deception.Self-esteem is positively related to self-deception,and the decline of self-deception of high Self-esteem participants are slower than those of low self-esteem participants,but this correlation only occurs in on-prevented group.Individuals performed better when self-deception decayed.The individual will benefit from the decay of self-deception.Decay of self-deception is conducive to the long-term development for individuals.The decay of self-deception not only comes from the introspection of individuals for self-behavior,but also from the negative feedback and the intervention of immoral behavior from the organizers of society or enterprises.The organizers of a society or an enterprise can decay individual self-deception by repeating multiple negative feedbackes and using of real negative feedback which is effectively decay self-deception,and can also shape the positive value criteria of the individual.Giving individual for intervention of immoral behavior(such as cheating prevention)for individual can improve the awareness of immoral behavior,and then promote effectively the decay of self-deception.更多还原