【作者】 刘欢；

【导师】 王建新；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 考古学， 2019， 博士

【摘要】 毛家坪遗址是西周晚期至战国晚期渭河上游的一处秦人聚落遗址。本文对毛家坪遗址出土动物遗存进行动物考古学研究,了解当时居民对家畜的饲养和利用、肉食结构、获取肉食资源的方式、对动物资源的利用、生业方式以及用牲方式等问题。并结合该区域其他秦文化遗址与墓葬出土动物遗存,探讨早期秦人的家畜饲养与利用方式、肉食结构与来源、生业方式和用牲习俗。毛家坪遗址的动物种属包括珍珠蚌未定种、宝贝未定种、龟、鹰科、雀形目、家鸡、雉、田鼠、兔、狗、狐、狗獾、黑熊、马、猪、梅花鹿、马鹿、狍、黄牛、绵羊、山羊。根据遗址出土的野生动物群推测遗址周围的环境以森林、坡地为主,林木茂盛、有较大面积的灌丛,附近有河流。根据毛家坪遗址随葬动物的种类与部位、摆放位置与头向、年龄结构与性别、用牲选择与墓葬等级,探讨毛家坪先民的用牲习俗,结合其他相关遗址墓葬的随葬动物,发现秦人的用牲习俗在西周晚期到春秋早期、春秋中晚期和战国时期这三个阶段是不断发展变化的。春秋中晚期用牲习俗与早期基本一致。到了战国时期随葬动物肢体部位趋于简单化和墓葬用牲趋同化。总的来说,秦人的用牲习俗从早期开始带有浓重的商文化因素,并包含着周文化因素,而发展到春秋中期时有较少的西戎文化因素则可能与丧葬文化的交流有关。猪是毛家坪遗址居民最为主要的肉食资源,其他家养动物如牛、羊等也占有一定比例,狗的地位十分特殊。居民获取动物资源的方式以饲养家畜为主,捕猎野生动物占次要地位。生业方式以种植农业与家畜饲养业为主。此外,家养动物存在二次开发利用的现象,如马用于驾车,羊毛可能被利用,牛也可能用于畜力开发等现象。结合已有西山遗址动物遗存研究的情况,早期秦人的生业经济方式包括种植业与家畜饲养业两方面。家畜饲养包括五个特点,一是家养动物种类丰富,包括马、牛、羊、猪、狗、鸡在内的“六畜”已非常完备。二是狗在秦人的生活中占有相当特殊的地位。三是养猪业发达,猪肉是秦人最主要的肉食资源,与中原地区的肉食资源相同。四是养牛业与养羊业也有一定发展。五是秦人的养马业也十分发达。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Maojiaping site was a site of Qin people’s settlements during late Western Zhou Dynasty to late Warring States Period.This paper conducts an zooarchaeology study on the animals remains in the Maojiaping site,and understands the issues of the residents’ rearing and utilization of livestock,the structure of meat,the way to obtain meat resources,the use of animal resources,the subsistence economy,and the way of using animals.Combined with the other remains of Qin cultural sites and tombs in the region,the paper explores the ways of raising and utilizing domesticated animals,the structure and source of meat,the subsistence economy and the burial customs of the early Qin people.Maojiaping site include unfinished pearl carp,cowry,tortoise,eagle,passerine,chicken,Phasianidae,vole,rabbit,dog,fox,badger,black bear,horse,pig,sika deer,red deer,roe dear,cattle,sheep,goat.According to the wild animal resources,the environment around the site is dominated by forests and slopes.The forests are lush,with large areas of shrubs and rivers nearby.Pigs are the most important meat resources of the residents of Maojiaping Site.Other domestic animals such as cattle,sheep and pigs also occupy a considerable proportion.The status of dogs is very special.Residents’ access to animal resources is dominated by livestock,and wildlife hunting plays a secondary role.The production method is mainly based on planting agriculture and livestock breeding.In addition,the phenomenon of secondary development and utilization of domesticated animals,such as horses used for driving,wool may be used,and cattle may also be used for animal development.And it is very likely that there will be a special dog industry.Combined with the research on the animal remains of the Xishan site,the early Qin people’s economic methods include the farming industry and the livestock industry.Livestock breeding includes five characteristics.First,the variety of domesticated animals,includinghorses,cattle,sheep,pigs,dogs and chickens,is very complete.Second,the dog occupies a very special position in the life of the Qin people.Third,the pig industry is developed,and pork is the most important meat resource of the Qin people.Fourth,the cattle industry and the sheep industry have also developed.Fifth,the Qin people’s horse breeding industry is also very developed.According to the types and parts of the burial animals at the Maojiaping site,the location and head orientation,the age structure and gender,the choice of the animals and the level of the tombs,the ruins of the Maojiaping ancestors were discussed,and other related ruins were combined.The funerary animals found that the Qin people’s habits and customs were constantly evolving in the three stages from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period,the late Spring and Autumn Period,and the Warring States Period.The practice of squatting in the middle and late spring and autumn is basically the same as that in the early period.In the Warring States period,the limbs of the burial animals tend to be simplified and the tombs are assimilated.In general,the Qin people’s habits of stagnation have a strong commercial and cultural factors from the early stage,which may be related to the "eastern";while the development of the Xirong culture in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period,there may be less communication with the funeral culture related.更多还原