【作者】 刘琼；

【导师】 张志平；

【作者基本信息】 云南大学 ， 中国现当代文学， 2018， 博士

【摘要】 自由主义作为西方资产阶级政治思想的流派之一,是以个人所有权和精神独立为核心,追求人的身心自由与平等价值,强调个人道德至上和自由选择,赋予人以平等的道德地位。它认为所有社会制度和政治体制都可以通过改造实现向善的理想,追求人的平等和自由民主的社会理想,以人道主义作为其内在的价值尺度。萧乾是中国自由主义知识分子的一个典型。自由主义是贯穿萧乾文学创作和心路历程的主要精神脉络。既是他文学创作的灵魂,也是他精神世界的主体,充分体现在他对平等、自由、民主、向善的追求和人道主义关怀。自由主义在萧乾的身上,显现出一种自我存在的精神气度和审视世界的思想深度,最鲜明地体现在他自由独立的精神追求、民主平等的理想和善与美的价值追求。萧乾作为一个有着清醒的自我认识和独立思想的知识分子其心路历程也是其自由主义思想的表现。萧乾对自由主义思想的接受是一个漫长的追寻与沉淀的过程。童年时悲惨的人生遭遇激起他对不公平命运的反抗,进入青年后他树立起“不带地图旅行”的人生自由理想。三十年代在京派与《大公报》两大自由主义阵营中的耳濡目染让他逐渐走向成熟。七年的海外漂泊生涯是他与自由主义思想的近距离接触,也奠定了他坚守自由信仰的思想基础。解放后萧乾以自我的消解与身份的认同来再造“新我”,以艺术的自由与自我的坚守体现其对生命本真的追求。虽有几次精神历程的急转,自由主义思想的被遮蔽,但他仍坚持以独立的灵魂和对平等生命尊严的追求来完成自我的道德完善,从而在人与世界的复杂关系中把握自我的存在,实现了萧乾对生命本真意义的拷问。这也是知识分子自由主义精神的漂游与浪漫主义精神的消逝过程,体现了他们的自由主义思想与现实的悲剧抗争历程。萧乾的小说创作观念中有着鲜明的自由主义思想。萧乾对底层民众不公平命运的反抗,对自由民主的渴求,对文学创作个性的自觉选择,实现其对善和美的价值追求,有着独立的人格和浪漫的信仰,体现了萧乾作为现代自由主义知识分子复杂的精神世界和情感体验。悲凉和忧郁是萧乾小说创作的情感基调,这是现代知识分子面对时代民族苦难时的真实心境和无根漂浮命运的表现,以此表达他对底层民众悲剧命运的悲悯情怀和对自由生命与性灵的追求,抒写独立清醒的灵魂。萧乾的散文创作展现了其作为自由主义知识分子的精神追求和思想世界。他对自我的审视和对世界的观照,对人类自由精神的终极追寻,以一种独立的人格重塑姿态写作,体现了他的自由主义文艺观。他对底层民众的人道主义关怀和独立自主的审美意识,以独立的人格和清醒的精神所展现的人的本质力量,对不公平命运的抗争,建构起一个自由、平等、民主的理想世界。萧乾的新闻特写以“探寻”和“跋涉”为创作心理实现其探寻人生自由的梦想,将创作看作是一场深入探索生命自由和性灵自由的文字探险,以此实现他对文学的自由和“在鼓面上跳舞”的理想,以其自由主义的创作理念进行新闻文体的创作实践,以“对现实发言”的创作姿态表达自己独立的思想和深刻的见解。萧乾的书评理论与实践中也体现了自由主义思想中人的平等和精神独立的主张。萧乾认为书评家拥有平等的话语权,自由地“发出自己的声音”以实现思想和精神的独立和自由的评论空间,实践他“善”和“美”的文艺创作观念。独立宽容的态度,自由发表的言论空间,主张道德自主道德自律,这是书评创作艺术的标准也是客观公正、宽容平等的自由主义精神的体现。萧乾以文字记录下他心灵的成长和精神的嬗变,展现了一颗多情而敏感的灵魂漂游在这世界的独特生命体验和感悟。自由是从心底的自我解放,也是萧乾精神世界里的自我释放与不断向外拓展,形成了他的思想边界,呈现他生命的完满和精神世界的丰盈,袒露出他深沉而轻盈的灵魂。在中国当代的知识分子思想空间里,知识分子们的精神世界的相互交织,形成了现当代自由主义知识分子瑰丽多奇的精神场域。作为中国现代自由知识分子的典型,萧乾的自由主义心路历程与文学创作又很有代表性,从他的身上可看出中国现当代知识分子对人类精神家园追寻的精神脉络和思想轨迹,清晰地看出中国现代知识分子上个世纪近百年所走过的心路历程和精神流变史。更多还原

【Abstract】 As one of the western bourgeois political thoughts,liberalism is based on individual ownership and spiritual independence.It pursues human’s physical and mental freedom and equal value.It emphasizes personal moral supremacy and free choice,giving people equal moral status.It is thought that all social and political system can be achieved through the transformation to the ideal of the pursuit of equality and freedom and democracy to the social ideal,humanism as its inherent value scale.Xiao Qian is a typical of Chinese Liberalist intellectuals.Liberalism is the main spiritual thread that runs through the literary creation and spiritual course of Xiao Qian.Is the soul of his literary creation,he is also the subject of the spiritual world,fully reflected in his freedom,equality,democracy,good deeds and humanitarian care.Liberalism shows a spirit of self existence and the depth of thinking in the world.It is most clearly reflected in his free and independent pursuit of spirit,the ideals of democracy and equality,and the value pursuit of goodness and beauty.Xiao Qian,as an intellectual with a sober self-understanding and independent thought,was also a manifestation of his liberalism.Xiao Qian’s acceptance of liberalism is a long process of seeking and settling.The tragic life of childhood aroused him to revolt against the unfair fate.After entering the youth,he set up the ideal of freedom of life without the travel of the map.In 30 s around Beijing and "Ta Kung Pao" two liberal camp let him mature.Seven years of overseas drifting is his close contact with liberalism,and he also lays the foundation for his adherence to free faith.After the liberation,Xiao Qian reconstituted the "new ego" with his self digestion and identity,and embodied his pursuit of the true life of life with the freedom of art and the perseverance of his self.Although there are several spiritual course quirks,liberalism was obscured,but he still adhere to the independent spirit and of equal dignity of life pursuit to complete self moral perfection,resulting in the complex relationship between people and the world to grasp the self existence,Xiao Qian realized the real significance of life.This is the spirit of liberal intellectuals and Piaoyou romantic spirit fled process,embodies the liberalism and the reality of their tragic process of struggle.Xiao Qian’s prose creation shows the spiritual pursuit and ideological world of Chinese Modern Liberalist intellectuals.His self examination and the reflection of theworld,the pursuit of the spirit of human freedom,and his writing of an independent personality reshape his literary and artistic concept of liberalism.His humanitarian care for the bottom people,his independent aesthetic consciousness and his independent personality and sober spirit showed his essential strength,fighting against the unequal fate and building a free,equal and democratic world.Xiao Qian news feature to "explore" and "journey" for its close-up creation psychology achieve its life the dream of freedom,the creation as a deep exploration of the life of freedom and spiritual freedom of the text adventure,in order to achieve his literary freedom and "Dancing" in the drum on the surface of the ideal,practice of news the style for his liberal ideas,to "creative attitude to the reality to speak" to express their own independent thoughts and insights.In the theory and practice of Xiao Qian’s book review,the idea of equality and spiritual independence in liberalism is also reflected in the theory of liberalism.Xiao Qian believes that the reviewers have equal right to speak freely,"voices" in order to realize the thought and spirit of independence,his literary "goodness" and "beauty" of the creative concept of practice,fully embodies the idea of liberalism,emphasizes the freedom of choice,moral autonomy and moral self-discipline,reflects a liberal the thinker’s quality and morality.Xiao Qian’s spiritual journey after 1949 was also a manifestation of his liberalism.Xiao Qian rebuilds "new me" by self digestion and identity,and embodies his pursuit of the true life of life with the freedom of art and the perseverance of self.With his independent soul and pursuit of equal life dignity,he completed his moral improvement and spiritual pursuit,thus he grasped the existence of himself in the complex relationship between man and the world,and realized Xiao Qian’s torture of the true meaning of life.From Xiao Qian to re-examine the identity and the pursuit of freedom and ideal of human society,embodies the human spirit of modern intellectuals Chinese democracy free garden pursuit,independent personality and free spirit reshaping the return process,reflecting their visual and moral rational self perfection of the spiritual process of self and world trial.This is the spirit of liberal intellectuals and Piaoyou romantic spirit fled process,embodies the liberalism and the reality of their tragic process of struggle.The evolution of Xiao Qian records his spiritual growth and spirit,show a passionate and sensitive soul Piaoyou unique life experience and feeling in the world.Freedom is from the heart of self liberation,Xiao Qian is also the spiritual world of self release and continue to expand outward,formed the idea of boundary,presented to him the fullness of life and spiritual world of abundance,revealing his deep and light soul.In China contemporary intellectual thought space,intertwined the intellectuals of the spiritual world,the formation of the contemporary liberal intellectuals magnificent spirit field.As a typical Chinese modern liberal intellectuals,liberal mentality and literary creation of Xiao Qian is very representative,it can be seen from his body spirit and ideological trajectory Chinese contemporary intellectuals of the human spirit home for,see clearly Chinese modern intellectuals of last century nearly a hundred years through the mentality and spirit history.更多还原