【作者】 徐芳；

【导师】 申建林；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 政治学、政治学理论， 2017， 博士

【摘要】 西方近代理性通过宗教改革、启蒙运动和法国大革命等形式唤醒了个人的主体性意识,从而将个人从传统奴役性的政治与蒙昧性的宗教中解救出来,实现了精神与政治的除魅。从此,个人的主体性、尊严与自由权利成为现代政治的核心观念,并催生了保障个人权利的现代民主制度。可以说,没有理性主义就没有现代性。然而理性激发的科学实证主义思维反过来使理性发生变异而被工具化,理性由最初对个人自由与活力的激发演变为对人与社会的科学技术控制,由此导致了个人价值的丧失和政治意识形态的泛化,从而引起现代化危机。在对理性主义及其引发的现代化危机的激烈批判和反思中,哈贝马斯的思想独树一帜,他的反思与批判不仅彻底、深刻,而且具有强大的思想建构力。他的思想不是后现代式的简单批判与解构,而是力图摆脱危机并重构现代性。为此,哈贝马斯以主体间性解决个人主体性的冲突,以交往理性取代工具理性。哈贝马斯通过对话语沟通过程的规范,致力于共识的达成,以期实现现代化危机的化解和社会秩序的整合。交往理性有着具体的实践条件和场景。在哈贝马斯的思想体系中,最早为交往理性创造实践条件和提供实践平台的并不是生活世界,而是公共领域。首先,公共领域吸收了市民社会的公众来源,但较之于市民社会对个人利益的追求,公共领域要求公众摆脱个人的私人性,以公共性为立场,来引导其在公众场合的舆论。其次,致力于公共利益的公众舆论,必须在正确的、公正的和免于强制力干扰的公共讨论中形成,而这样的讨论正是对交往理性的“真实性”、“真诚性”和“正确性”等有效性要求的实践应用。此外,公共批判是依赖于公众的公共理性来发挥对权力的监督作用的。通过以上分析可以看出,公众的公共性立场促进了交往理性主体间性的形成,公共讨论的标准应用了交往理性的有效性要求,旨在捍卫公共利益的公共批判内涵了交往共识的因素。据此,我们认为,公共领域中的公共理性,就是哈贝马斯对交往理性的实践尝试。公共领域孕育了交往理性并为其实践创造了条件。但哈贝马斯正式提出“交往理性”的概念是其在建构“生活世界”的过程中。社会的物质化发展以及社会行为的工具化导致了现代社会生活被金钱和权力殖民化。这种状况主要是由自由主义市场以及国家干预主义在工具理性的作用下过度发展造成的。因此,社会发展面临着向以语言为行为媒介的“生活世界”的转型趋势。在哈贝马斯看来,社会的转型从根本上来说依赖于理性范式的转变,即由“工具理性”转变为“交往理性”。交往理性是建构生活世界的关键因素。这是因为:第一,交往理性为世界观的解神秘化和去中心化提供了认识基础,促进了世界观的合理化;第二,交往理性通过对语言有效性要求的设置,为生活世界提供一种经过论证的合理的行为伦理规范,即话语伦理;第三,在交往理性基础上形成的话语伦理,为生活世界中具体的道德规范和法律规范的完善提供了依据。所以说交往理性为生活世界提供了合法性基础。此外,在交往理性思维方式的影响下,人类的工具化行为被交往行为所取代。交往行为是一种以话语沟通和话语共识为实践形式的社会行为方式。这种行为方式的形成直接推动了社会生活方式的转变,由此奠定了为生活世界的秩序基础。哈贝马斯正是通过对人们交往行为方式的塑造,完成了对“生活世界”的建构。哈贝马斯的思想虽然颇具影响力,但仍然遭受到了众多思想流派的批判。多元主义、后现代主义以文化的多元化为理由,认为在缺乏共同文化价值的实际情况下,实现社会行为的普遍化是不可能的,由此否定交往理性的普遍性价值;新实用主义认为理性不可能实现先验层面的的观念与社会实践层次上的完全统一,从而对交往理性的实践价值持怀疑性态度;此外,以集体利益为追求的社群主义,重视“权力”对社会生活的作用,这与哈贝马斯试图通过交往理性来消除权力对人们社会生活干预的做法,是截然相反。因而社群主义对哈贝马斯的反对也是不言而喻的。此外,女权主义、新自由主义等也以各自的理由从不同的角度对哈贝马斯的思想进行了批判。哈贝马斯的思想尽管遭到了众多的责难,但并不能由此否认它的实践价值。在哈贝马斯思想中,协商合作精神对公共利益的保障以及宽容精神对社会分歧的妥善处理,都彰显了“社会本位”的价值。这种具有超越性的价值对当前协商民主和公共治理的发展贡献了一定的实践价值。首先,交往理性促进了协商民主的形成。交往理性孕育了一种商谈政治,这种政治奠定了协商民主的基本内涵,即协商与共识;同时它为民主决策提供了一种公开的沟通程序,弥补了选举民主易于偏离民意的缺陷。其次,交往理性推动了公共治理实践的发展。交往行为是发生在交往主体之间的一种对等性为,它促进了公众在共同事务中的平等合作;以公共性为立场的公众致力于交往共识的达成,这对于共同利益提供了保障,有助于促进公共目标的实现。综上所述,哈贝马斯对近代理性双重后果的分析,引出了交往理性这一解救现代化危机的新概念。依据哈贝马斯的思想,我们具体探讨了交往理性的实践运用,即交往理性是如何在公共领域的实践空间中通过公众舆论的形式而展开理性批判的。接着展示了哈贝马斯通过交往理性建构“生活世界”以解决现代生活殖民化的努力。哈贝马斯的交往理性及其建构的生活世界思想,尽管备受推崇与赞誉,但也受多方的理论质疑和思想挑战,例如新自由主义、多元主义和社群主义等学派对交往理性有效性和“生活世界”理想性进行了批判。最后,在辩证地看待这些批判的基础上,我们深入地挖掘了哈贝马斯思想对现代协商民主和公共治理的实践价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 The modern reason in the western countries awakens the consciousness of the individual subjectivity through the reform of religion,the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.And so the individuals are liberated from the traditional slavery politics and the benighted religion,realizing the disenchantment of the world view and the politics.From then on,the individual subjectivity,dignity and freedom have become the core concepts of modern politics,and promote the forming of modern democracy,which is used to protect the rights of individuals.It can be said that there is no modernity without rationalism.However,under the influence of natural science,the "reflection" factor of the modern reason is gradually eliminated by positivism.The modern reason which has lost the ability to reflect has degenerated into instrumental reason.This kind of reason has caused a serious crisis of capitalism.First,it regulates human behavior through science technology,resulting in the loss of personal freedom.Second,the traditional social integration power was broken,but the new social integration mechanismit has not been established.This situation results in the disorder of society.Third,the politics relying on the rule of technology,covers up the political problems by economic ones.It causes a bad consequence of the ideology extension.Facing these crisises,Habermas points out,just by changing the paradigm of reason,we can resolve them.Therefore,based on the critique of instrumental rationality,Habermas constructs a new kind of reason which is "communicative rationality".Communicative rationality increases the factor of reflection.rt can overcome the instrumental reason’s feature of means and purpose.At the same time,Habermas sets the norms of dialogue and language in communication.He is committed to reach a consensus,and to eliminate social chaos caused by the divergence of the world.In this way,the crises of capitalism can be solved.Communicative rationality is not concept which divorced from reality.It has a specific practical situation.In Habermas’ opinion,the public use of reason in the public sphere is the practice of communicative rationality.The public sphere absorbs the public from the civil society.However,compared to the pursuit for personal interest of the civil society,the public sphere pays attention to the public interest.In the process of running,the public sphere ensures the realization of the public interest by means of the criticism and supervision of the public opinion.Habermas attributes the security for public to the public use of reason.The public use of reason,essentially,is the practical application of communicative rationality in the public sphere.Therefore,the public sphere provides a platform for the practice of communicative rationality.In the public sphere,communicative rationality was put into practice,but Habermas formally puts forward the communicative rationality in the process of constructing the life world.The being materialized of the social development and taking the social behavior as tools led to that the modern social life is colonized by money and power.This colonization is surfacely caused by the excessive development of liberalism and state interventionism.Therefore,social development is facing a transition to fade the role played by the state and the market trend,that is to take language as the media of the life world development.The construction of the life.world,in Habermas’s view,is dependent on the communicative rationality.Communicative rationality can promote the rationalization of the world view,provide a kind of discourse ethics for the people,and lay the basis of moral and legal for discussion political practice.It can be said that communicative rationality is an important prerequisite to provide legal basis for the living world.In addition,communicative rationality as a way of thinking,it has a direct effect on people’s behavior.Under this way of thinking,the instrumental behavior is replaced by communicative behavior.Communicative behavior is a universal kind of social behavior.It is in the practice form of discourse communication and discourse consensus.Habermas hopes that the social change is promoted by the change of people’s social behavior.Just by doing so,the"life world" as a rational life forms can be realized.Although Habermas’ thought is influential,It suffers a lot of criticisms.Pluralism and postmodernism think that it is impossible to make the communicative action universal under the situation of lacking common values just because the culture is of diversity in current times.The new pragmatism considers that the communicative reason could not achieve the unity of a priori concepts and the social practice,so the communicative rationality is to be skeptical in practice.At the same time,the social groups pursuit collective interests,and pay attention to "power" of social life.It is opposite to the way of Habermas,trying to eliminate the power on people’s behavior.So the social groups is against to Habermas’s views.In addition,feminism and the new liberalism criticize the thought of Habermas for the perspective of different reasons.Despite of the criticism of the thought of Habermas,we can not deny its practical value.The communicative rationality and the lifeworld can be put into practice,and provide some help to solve the social problems.Firstly,communication rationality fosters a deliberative politics,and constructs deliberative democracy.It provides a reliable procedure for democratic decision-making,which is to make up for deficiencies of the electoral process of a liberal democracy.In addition,communicative rationality promotes the practice of public governance.It arouses the motive of public participation.Public participation in common affairs can effectively stops power intervening in the social public life.Communicative rationality is committed to reach consensus.The consensus is essentially based on common interests.Therefore,it can realize the goal of public governance.In summary,Habermas’s analysis about the two opposite consequences of modern reason,brings a new concept named communicative rationality which is used to rescue the modernization crisis.Then,on the basis of Habermas’s thought,we discusses the practice of communicative rationality,namely,how does communicative rationality critique by public opinion in the public sphere?After it,we show Habermas’s effort to solve the colonization problem of modern life,which is by the construction of lifeworld.Habermas’s communicative rationality and the thoughts of life world,gain much admiration and praise,but they also suffer some questioning and challenge.Such as the new liberalism,the Pluralism and Communitarianism,critique the effectiveness of communicative rationality and the idealismof the lifeworld.At last,we explore the transcendence of the thoughts,and discuss their practical value to deliberative democracy and public governance.更多还原