【作者】 刘霞；

【导师】 张红霞；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， Ed.D， 2017， 博士

【摘要】 发达国家的发展历史证明,高等教育由“精英教育”向“大众教育”的转变必然会带来毕业生就业难问题。所有完成了这种过渡的国家都经历过或正在经历着大学生就业难的困扰。对中国来说,这个问题更为突出。可雇佣性技能的开发是解决就业问题的一种战略思维,是近年来许多国家着力提高就业率和提升国家竞争力的重要视角之一。可雇佣性(employability)一词首先由英国学者Beveridge在1909年针对大学毕业生就业问题提出。继而,这一概念被广泛地应用到劳动力市场的各种人群中。从国内已有的文献研究发现,目前的相关研究中有三个结论得到了普遍认同,即(1)应该开发可雇佣性技能;(2)在高等教育中可雇佣性技能可以被有效开发;(3)可雇佣性技能一旦被开发,就能迁移到就业中。这明确了大学生接受可雇佣性技能开发的必要性以及高等教育机构在开发可雇佣性方面的重要地位。本研究在以上基本前提条件下展开,并提出了如下三个研究问题。第一,虽然很多研究者总是说“有大量的研究”证明高等教育与就业之间的关系,也有研究者从组织对大学生可雇佣性开发的有效性角度,衡量其对大学生就业率的影响,但是毕业生可雇佣性技能与就业绩效之间是否存在正向相关,很少有实际数据的证明。因此,本研究基于地方普通高等学校本科生可雇佣性技能开发实践及其调查数据,探讨的研究问题之一是:本科生可雇佣性技能与就业绩效(初次就业薪水、初次就业满意度)是否存在显著正相关?第二,虽然可雇佣性开发模式已经很明确地从理论上说明了高等教育对学生的可雇佣性技能的重要性,已有的相关研究也表明了这样一种关系,然而这并不能解释为什么在同样的可雇佣性开发活动面前,不同的学生可雇佣性技能存在差异(固然这里不考虑学生本身的先天相关因素)。据此,本研究的第二个研究问题是:大学生可雇佣性开发活动与就业绩效(初次就业薪水、初次就业满意度)是否存在显著正相关?第三,英国学者Manta Yorke和Peter T Knight将可雇佣性技能的开发活动分为两类:嵌入式(embedded)和贴附式(bok-on)。嵌入式开发活动一般指隐含在课程中的可雇佣性开发活动;贴附式则指以专门模块独立于课程之外的可雇佣性开发。为了探讨可雇佣性开发活动的形式与学生可雇佣性技能之间的关系,本研究提出研究问题之三是:“贴附式”大学生可雇佣性开发活动是否与可雇佣性技能呈现显著正相关?考虑到隐含在课程中的可雇佣性开发活动的绩效难以测量,所以本研究采用贴附式开发活动作为研究对象。为保证开发活动的一致性,该活动由研究者本人实施,整个培育共计持续12周,每周三学时,共计36学时,主要采用团体辅导的形式。贴附式开发活动包括三个主模块,分别为沟通协作模块、自我发展模块和求职面试模块。为了回答上述前两个研究问题,本研究运用文献法、调查研究法(主要包括问卷调查和访谈调查)进行验证。具体而言,首先,通过对59家用人单位的问卷调查和15位毕业生的访谈,以及运用专家会议法,对可雇佣性评价指标进行了筛选和构建。然后,以德维利斯(Devellis)的量表编制步骤为基础,结合已有的研究结果,编制出符合本研究的本科毕业生可雇佣性技能初始量表,随后在南通大学2013年3月1978名已签约应届毕业生中随机抽取290位作为被试,进行了量表的信效度检验。最后,用检验、修订后的量表进行测量、调查。调查样本为2013届截止2013年5月底所有已签约毕业生(参与过试测的除外)2702名,和2014届截止2014年5月底所有已签约毕业生3361名。最后经过一系列的统计分析,形成大学生可雇佣性技能结构模型。主要的统计分析包括:对学校进行的本科生可雇佣性技能开发活动现状进行描述,对本科生初次就业状况进行测量,分析变量间的相关关系。为了进一步探讨按照性别、生源地、专业等人口统计变量群体在可雇佣性技能开发上有无显著性差异,本研究采用独立样本t检验方法对性别在各研究变量上的差异性进行检验;采用方差分析对其它定序人口学变量进行差异检验分析。对于第三个研究问题,本研究采取准实验研究方法进行贴附式本科生可雇佣性开发活动设计,并在实施开发活动之前和之后进行测量和比较分析,对其绩效进行评价。本研究的主要发现是:(1)本科毕业生可雇佣性技能与初次就业薪水呈现显著正相关,可雇佣性技能与初次就业满意度呈现显著负相关。根据访谈资料分析,负相关关系形成的原因主要有三点:第一,与毕业生的就业期望相关。绝大部分的毕业生对于第一份工作都有着较高的期望,而面对竞争激烈的劳动力市场,就业期望很难实现,理想与现实的差距因而会对毕业生初次就业满意度会产生一定程度的负面影响。第二,与学校性质和地位相关。南通大学属于地方普通高等学校,无论在生源质量、人才培养水平,还是在学术声誉、社会资源等方面都难以与一些名校相提并论,也因此对毕业生的就业质量产生消极影响。第三,与可雇佣性技能培养相关。一般而言,能力越高的学生,对于工作岗位的要求也会越高。因此,从某种程度上来说,具有较高可雇佣性技能的学生可能更不安于获得的第一份工作。(2)学校开展的大学生可雇佣性开发活动与毕业生初次就业薪水相关,可雇佣性开发活动与初次就业满意度呈现显著正相关。这说明,学校开展的大学生可雇佣性开发活动可以使更多的学生更容易获得更高的薪水或更满意的工作。(3)贴附式大学生可雇佣性开发活动与可雇佣性技能显著正相关。这说明,虽然从学生访谈来看,对于在校期间所设置的各种就业培训课程或活动还存在不同的意见,但贴附式大学生可雇佣性开发活动的有效性还是得到了肯定。通过综合分析,得出的最终主要结论是:第一,掌握可雇佣性技能能够对提高本科生就业产生积极作用。这个结论至关重要,关系到可雇佣性技能的研究价值,也与推广应用可雇佣性技能的科学概念和大规模开展可雇佣性技能培训有着密切的关系。通过本研究的深入调查和分析,不仅明确了可雇佣性技能的主要指标,还厘清了可雇佣性技能与地方普通高校本科生就业的关系,为未来有效解决大学生“就业难”问题指明了方向和提供了路径。第二,学校开展的可雇佣性开发活动能够改善本科生的就业绩效。基于南通大学已有的开发实践,可以反映出学校开展的大学生可雇佣性开发活动的有效性,相关培育活动设计安排的科学性和有效性也得到了证实。这一结论进一步说明,地方普通高校能够在解决大学生“就业难”问题上发挥更为积极和关键的作用。第三,尽管贴附式可雇佣性开发活动的作用和价值已经得到证实,但仍需要通过不断的摸索、尝试和改进进行不断地完善,并尝试提出更多创新的策略和做法,设计出更加科学高效的实施路径。本研究的创新之处主要在于研究视角、研究方法和研究内容的创新。基于实证调查研究,采用多元研究策略构建普通地方高校大学生可雇佣性技能的模型,通过学校开展的大学生可雇佣性开发活动措施与就业绩效的回归分析,在此基础上进行了贴附式可雇佣性技能开发活动设计及绩效测量。本研究的局限性在于一是可雇佣性开发是个宏观劳动经济学的问题,要从宏观上整体把握我国大学生可雇佣性开发也是非常困难的;二是因校情的不同,本研究不一定能代表所有的地方普通高等学校;三是本研究中可雇佣性技能测量和评价方法的科学性尚待提高。更多还原

【Abstract】 The history of developed countries shows that the transition from the "elite education" to "mass education" in higher education will inevitably bring about the employment problem of graduates.All countries that have completed this transition have experienced or are experiencing the employment difficulties of graduates.In China,this problem is more prominent.Development of employability skills can be seen as a strategic thinking to solve the employment problem.It is one of the important perspectives from which many countries have made efforts to raise the employment rate and enhance national competitiveness.Employability,this term was first proposed by the British scholar Beveridge in 1909.In fact,it was put forward originally for the employment of college graduates.Then,the concept has been widely applied to various groups of labor.From the existing domestic literature research,it is found that three propositions in the related current research are generally recognized:(1)employability should be developed;(2)employability skills can be effectively developed in higher education;(3)once employability skills are developed,they can be migrated to employment.This clarifies the necessity for college students to acquire these employability skills and the important role that higher education institutions play in developing enployability skills.This study is based on the basic prerequisites mentioned above,and three hypotheses are proposed.Many researchers keep claiming that a large nunber of studies have demonstrated the relationship between higher education and employment.There are also some researchers measuring the influence on the employment rate of the graduates who are once in organizations from the influence of organizations on the development of college students’ employability.However,whether employability skills are positively correlated with work performance or not hasn’t been well-proven.Thus,eombining the subject on the development of employability skills of the graduates from local institutes of higher education,the first hypothesis can be put forward in this research as:the employability skills of graduates are observably positive correlated with their work performance(the salary and satisfaction level in the initial employment).Though the employability model has clearly explained the significance of higher education on the development of graduates’ employability skills theoretically.Besides,related research concerning the term has also proven such a relation.However,this cannot explain why the employability ievei of different students vary a lot facing the same employability activity.(Here,we do not take students’ innate factors into consideration.)Concerning this,we can make the second hypothesis:college graduates’employability activity is positively reiated to their work performance(the salary and satisfaction level in the initial employment).Manta Yorke and Peter T Knight,two British scholars,divided the employability activity into two types:embedded activity and bok-on activity.The embedded activity refers to employability activities included in courses.While the bok-on activity refers to development of course-independent employability activities in the form of separated modules.Im order to further verify the relationship between the form of employability activities and students’ employability skills,this study proposes the third hypothesis:bok-on employability activities are positively correlated with employability skills.Considering the impracticability of the measurement of the performance of embedded employability activities,the bok-on activities was taken as the research object.To ensure the consistency of development activities,the researcher did these all by herself.It took 12 weeks,that is,three hours every week and 36 hours in total,mainly in the form of group counseling.The bok-on activity consists of three main modules:communication and collaboration,self-development and job interview.In order to validate the first two hypotheses,this study used hypothesis testing methods such as document method,investigation method(including questionnaires and interviews).First,with an survey of 59 employers and interviews with 15 graduates,the expert meeting method was used to screen and construct the employability indicators.Then,based on the scale developing procedures proposed by Devellis,as well as existing research results,the initial scale of employable skills of graduates in line with this study was made.290 subjects were randomly selected from the 1978 fresh graduates of Nantong University who have signed up in March,2013.And the reliability and validity of the scale were tested with them.Finally,after tested and revised,the scale was put into use again,2702 graduates who have signed up before May、2013 from the 2013 session(excluding those who participated in the pre-test)and 3,361 who have signed up before May,2014 from the 2014 session were sampled to participate in the questionnaire.A structural model of college students’ employable skills was achieved with a set of accounting and analysis,which mainly includes description of the present condition of the development of graduates’ employability skills in colleges,accounting the statistics concerning the initial employment of graduates and analysis of the relations among variables.In order to further explore whether there were significant differences in the development of employability skills by sex,habitat and professional demographic variables,this study used the independent sample t method to test the difference of gender in each study variable;and it used variance analysis to analyze other sequenced demographic variables.For the third research question,this study adopts the quasi-experimental research method to carry out the design of activities of graduates’ employability development and evaluate and compare the performance before and after the implementation of these activities.The main findings of this study are:(1)Graduates’ employability skills are positively correlated with salaries of their initial employment,and employability skills are negatively correlated with satisfaction level of their initial jobs.According to the analysis of interviews,there are three reasons for this strange relationship.First,it is related with the expectations of graduates.Most of the graduates have a high expectation for their first jobs,and in the face of the highly competitive labor market,their expectations are difficult to be met.Thus,the gap between the ideal and reality will have negative effect on the satisfaction level of their first jobs.Second,it is related to the nature and status of the school.Compared with some famous universities,Nantong University is an ordinary local university,both in terms of the quality of students,ability of talent cultivation,or in academic reputation,social resources and other aspects,and therefore the employment quality of graduates is affected.Third,it is related to the cultivation of employability skills.In general,the higher the ability a student has,his or her requirements on the job will be higher accordingly.Thus,to a certain extent,students with higher employability skills may be more unsatisfied with their first jobs.(2)The employment development activities of college students conducted by schools are related to the initial salary of graduates,and the employment development activities are significantly positive correlated with the satisfaction level of their initial employment.This shows that school-based employability development activities can help more college students to get higher salaries more easily or more satisfied with the work.(3)Bok·on employability development activities for college students are significantly positive correlated with employability skills.This shows that although there are different views on various employment training courses or activities during the school period,the validity of the bok-on employability development activities for college students is affirmed.Through a comprehensive analysis,the final conclusion are as follows:first of all,the acquisition of employability skills has positive influence on increasing the employment rate of graduates.This conclusion is crucial,for it is related to the value of the research on the term,as well as the promotion of application and large-scale training of employability skills.With in-depth investigation and analysis,we not only defined the main indicators of employability skills,but also clarified the relationship between these skills and the employment of graduates in local universities,which offers a solution for effectively solving employment difficulties of graduates in the near future.Second,activities of employability development conducted by schools can improve the employment condition of graduates.The practice in Nantong University reveals the efficacy of employability activities on students conducted by schools.It also proves that local universities can play a more active and important role in solving the employment difficulties of graduates.Third,though the value of bok-on employability activities has been verified,continuous exploration and improvement is needed.More innovative strategies and methods is still needed for higher efficiency.The innovation points of this research lies in the innovation of perspective,method and research itself.Based on demonstration and investigation,a model of employability skills of graduates from local universities was formed with the application of diverse research strategies.With the regression analysis of measures on graduates,employability skills development and their job performance,the bok-on activities was designed and job performance was measured.Also,this research has its limitations.First,it’s difficult to grasp the overall condition of employability skills of graduates in China from a macro view for the development of employability is an issue of Macro Labor Economics.Second,as different schools have variable conditions,this study probably could not adhere to the condition of all the local universities.Third,the scientificalness of measuring and evaluation methods applied in this study still need improvement.更多还原