【作者】 陈红梅；

【导师】 叶金强；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 经济法学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 环境权益的保护需要环境法与众多传统法律部门的协同与配合。相邻环境权益就是发生在相邻关系领域中由相邻主体所享有的环境权益。在私法中,相邻关系制度是最能凸显民法与环境法内在联系的法律制度,因为环境污染和破坏首先影响到的就是“邻居”。自罗马法开始,民法相邻关系制度就有对环境权益保护的内容。早期的相邻关系制度主要是通过对相邻环境财产权益的调整来达到实现环境保护的功能,调整相邻关系的法律一般不调整人身伤害或是人格权侵害。随着现代社会环境的急剧恶化,相邻关系中通风、采光、眺望、生活安宁等环境人格权益的保护逐渐得到了重视。本文主要从相邻环境人格权益的视角来谈相邻环境权益的私法保护。与传统相邻关系制度的法律调整不同,相邻环境权益既具有相邻权的属性,又具有环境权和人格权的属性。因此,如何在相邻关系的制度框架内,通过借鉴国外优秀的理论和制度,规定我国环境权益侵害的理论构成,增加环境权益的私法救济内容,具体化规定责任承担的方式,以方便法律实践操作就是本文思考的起点。相邻环境权益常与人们最基本的生存利益密切相关。它不仅关系到个人的基本人权,也关系到个人的人格尊严。为了协调相邻不动产利用过程中所产生的环境权益冲突,各国学说和立法纷纷提出禁止权利滥用、容忍限度、强制牺牲等各种利益衡量理论,并通过法律经济分析的路径来衡量双方利益冲突,以谋求正义和效率价值的实现。在衡量对策方面,各国立法及判例则充分通过相邻双方权利义务的平衡来调整纷繁复杂的相邻环境权益冲突。相邻环境权益的私法救济包括物权法救济和侵权法救济。在物权法救济方面,随着传统相邻关系理论的不断拓展,对具有人格利益属性的相邻环境权益予以物权法的救济不再具有理论上的障碍。相邻环境权益妨害的物权法救济有两种方式:当行为同时导致环境权益和相邻不动产物权受妨害时,相邻环境权益可通过物权请求权的行使达到间接救济的目的;当行为仅导致相邻环境权益受到妨害,却并未导致不动产物权妨害的情形,则可以通过类推物权请求权,以准物权请求权的方式来实现对相邻环境权益的法律救济。同作为绝对权请求权,物权请求权与准物权请求权具有相同的原理。在大陆法系相邻环境权益妨害构成要件中,容忍义务是判断相邻环境权益妨害违法的标准。容忍义务的判断需要通过各种因素加以衡量。对于符合构成要件的相邻境权益妨害,权利人享有排除妨害请求权、防止妨害请求权和补偿请求权对其权益予以救济。在侵权法救济方面,相邻环境权益侵害的侵权责任无论是在归责原则方面,还是在责任构成要件方面都与环境侵权有所区别。在归责原则方面,两大法系均采取了介于过错责任与无过错责任原则之间的“客观过错理论”或是“过错推定原则”作为相邻环境权益侵害归责原则。由此导致在相邻环境权益侵害的责任构成要件上,各国主要集中在对侵害行为“过度性”与损害后果“实质性”的认定上加以判断。为了平衡两个相邻人之间的利益冲突。法院通常需要综合考量案件中的各种因素,最终判断该侵害行为是否符合过度性及损害后果是否具有实质性进而得出是否承担责任的结论。通过考察,英美法系与大陆法系关于相邻环境权益侵害的救济方式虽有不同,但难以区分孰优孰劣。最后,本论文通过审视我国有关相邻环境权益私法保护的立法、司法实务及理论见解的现实情况,分析其内在原因,检讨存在的问题,预测未来发展趋势,并基于上述研究所得,针对现行立法提出对策,主张对我国现行立法进行生态化扩展,使现行的法律权利救济制度能够更加适合相邻环境权益的私法救济;针对未来发展提出立法建议,主张将这些环境权益作为独立的具体的人格权——环境人格权,在立法中具体体现出来,为相邻环境权益提供更为完善的私法保护和救济。更多还原

【Abstract】 The protection of environmental right needs coordination and cooperation of other traditional sector act.Environment right in neighbor relation is the environment right owned by neighbor subject.In private law,neighbor relation system is the most prominent legal system which can present the intrinsically link between environmental law and civil law,because the "neighborhood" is affected by environmental pollution and destruction for the first time.In the Roman law,the neighbor relation system of civil law has the content on the protection of environment right.Early neighbor relation system achieved the function of environmental protection mainly through the adjustment of neighbor environmental interest in property.And the law which adjust neighbor relation generally don’t involve with personal injury and infringement of personality right With rapid deterioration of the environment nowadays,protection of environmental personality right such as ventilation,lighting,overlooking,the peaceful life in neighbor relation,gains more attention.From the perspective of protection of environmental personality right in neighbor relation,the thesis studies the private law in neighbor relation to protect environmental right.Different from legal adjustment way of traditional neighbor relation system,environment right in neighbor relation has the attribute of neighbor right,but also has the attribute of environmental right and personality right.According to analysis the outstanding theory and system abroad,the thesis discusses how to formulate the theory of Chinese environmental right infringement,increase the content of private law remedy of the environmental right,define ways to assume the responsibility,and facilitate legal practice within the framework of neighbor relation.Environmental right in neighbor relation often closely associates with basic survival interest.It is not only related to the individual’s basic human right,but also to the personal dignity.In order to coordinate the conflict of environmental right during the use process of neighbor real property,many scholars and legislation put forward theories of weighting various interest,such as prohibiting the abuse of right,tolerance limit,mandatory sacrifices,and measure the conflict of interest through the path of economic analysis,to seek justice and efficiency value.In terms of measurable solution,it adjusts the complicated conflict of environment right in neighbor relation by the balance of right and obligation on both sides.The private reliefs of environment right in neighbor relation include property law relief and tort law relief.In the aspect of property law relief,with continuous expansion of legal principle in traditional neighbor relation,there are no theoretical obstacles to give property law relief to environmental right in neighbor relation with the attribute of personal interest.Property law relief of environmental right in neighbor relation has two ways.When the behavior impairs environmental right and real property in neighbor relation in the same time,the purpose of indirect relief can be achieved by using claim of property.When the behavior only impairs environmental right in neighbor relation,but do not cause prejudice to real property,legal relief of adjacent environment right can be realized by analogy right of property claim,and using quasi-property claims.As claim of absolute right,claim of real right and quasi-property claim have the same principle.In the elements of environmental right in neighbor relation in civil law,tolerance obligation is a standard to determine whether environmental right in neighbor relation is harmful and illegal.The judgment of tolerance obligation needs to be measured by a variety of factors.If the violations of environmental right in neighbor relation accord with the elements,the obligee has the right to request removal of obstacles,the right to prevent obstruction and the right to request compensation to relief his interests.In the aspect of tort law relief,as an intermediate form between infringement and environmental tort,the tort liability of adjacent environmental right violations differ from environmental tort in terms of responsibility principles and responsibility elements.In responsibility principles,the two legal systems have taken "objective fault theory" or"the principle of presumption of fault" as the responsibility principle of environmental right violations in neighbor relation,which are between fault liability and no-fault liability principle.As a result,in responsibility elements of adjacent environmental right violations,countries make judge by focusing on the "transitivity"of violations and the "substantiality" of consequences of the damage.To balance the conflict of interests between the neighbors,courts often require comprehensive consideration of various factors in the cases,then judge whether the violation is in line with the transitivity,and whether the consequence is substantial,and at last draw the conclusions that whether he should take responsibility.By investigation,there are differences between common law system and civil law system on the relief ways of environmental right in neighbor relation,but it is difficult to distinguish what is better.Finally,the thesis examines the current situation of legislation,judicial practice and theoretical insights about private relief of environment right in neighbor relation,analyze underlying causes,review existed problems,and predict future trends.Based on above results,we advocate to make ecological extend on current legislation in order to make the existed relief system of legal right to be more suitable for private relief of environment right in neighbor relation.Aim at future development,we advocate these environmental rights as independent and specific personality right,i.e environmental personality right,and embody these rights in the legislation to provide more comprehensive private protection and relief to environment right in neighbor relation.更多还原