【作者】 李刚；

【导师】 陈亚军；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 外国哲学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 本文研究的主题是C.I.刘易斯的认识论。刘易斯的认识论是以“概念实用主义”为其主要思想核心的,本文也正是从刘易斯的这一“概念”为着眼点,力图通过揭示出其认识论的深层含义,挖掘出刘易斯在实用主义理论中有关经验、知识及语言问题的深刻见解;从而展现出刘易斯在传统与现代哲学之间所做的突出贡献。并在此基础上,对刘易斯认识论的理论不足之处作个系统的评价。全文的布局分为导言、正论与评价三个部分。导言中,首先介绍了论文的选题背景与意义,研究现状与文献综述,以及研究方法与论文结构等问题。按照刘易斯理论中概念意义的内在逻辑结构特性,本文的正论部分从概念实用主义的思想来源、概念与经验实在、概念与知识、概念与先天规定四个方面进行了全面的铺展。概念实用主义思想来源问题的探讨构成了文章的第一部分内容。在这章中,首先,对思想来源的背景作了全面的分析,从其背景来看,刘易斯的概念理论是在传统哲学认识论与现代分析哲学相互碰撞与冲击下产生的,他的理论建构就是要在二者之中找出融合之处。其次,通过剖析刘易斯理论的思想来源,探究出他如何为传统与现代哲学之间的融合找出合理的依据,这种依据既是对传统的借鉴又是对现代的批判。最后,介绍了刘易斯理论对传统哲学的批判与总体改造策略。概念与经验实在这个部分主要阐述在全文的第二章中。从这一章开始,刘易斯的概念实用主义理论才算正式拉开了序幕。在此章节中,首先,从刘易斯对传统经验主义困境根源的分析入手,探讨了经验主义所予论的错误理解,指明了经验所予自身的不可理解性,并提出了心灵对经验解释的重要性。其次,通过对心灵解释活动构成挑战的两个主流思想的反驳,说明了心灵的解释活动、经验所予独立性及知识构成之间的关系性。最后,通过对传统概念建立基础的探讨,指明了建立这种心灵解释概念的基本共通性,即社会实践性。概念与知识、概念与先天规定这两个部分共同构成了文章的核心,也被看成是刘易斯概念实用主义理论的灵魂所在。这两部分主要阐述在全文的第三章与第四章中。在第三章中,首先,阐释了刘易斯对知识含义的界定;其次,深入的论述了概念在知识体系中承担的重要角色作用。它大体可以分为三个方面:一是概念在知识体系中应具有的基本作用与含义。在这方面,刘易斯指出,概念的含义不是来自一种形而上学的抽象,也非经验主义的直觉感受,而是更多的隐含在社会实践的目的性之中,并在社会实践中起到归类预测性的作用。二是探讨了概念如何构成知识的信念。在这方面,刘易斯提出了概念的两种类型的判断:概念的终结性判断与概念的非终结性判断。表明了经验所予能成为知识信念的依据,及语言意义与行为之间的关系性。三是概念在知识信念中的辩护证实问题。他认为,概念构成的知识信念是在整体的相关性下有效的,但这样的整体相关并非融贯论那样系统内的辩护,概念的意义信念仍是与社会实践行为证实一致的。最后,探讨了知识中有关概念与实在的问题。这里刘易斯所理解的实在,不是柏拉图主张的绝对理念实体,也非经验主义所言的主观性感觉表象,而是一种类似康德模式的概念解释对象。概念解释的对象是出于人们的理性立法,但这样的立法不是神秘的“先验自我”对经验的限制,而是人们在社会实践行为中对共同实在的规范;它反映的是社会的共同成就。第四章中,本文以刘易斯对概念先天性的探讨展开,主要探讨了有关先天概念与知识有效性的问题。前一问题讨论了知识不具有普遍有效的先天概念,或者说,传统的天赋论与康德为代表的先天性命题不具有判断的普遍必然性,概念的先天性只是表明范畴在一定条件前提下的立法性。这种立法是对经验事实的规定,它在经验预测方面仍是可能的知识,并随着进一步的证伪可能性而发展。后一问题讨论了知识的有效性并非会成为休谟等经验主义的批判对象,知识的有效性是在一定前提条件下建立的判断,这些前提都是已经证实的事实,它们构成了知识有效性的依据;并在前提不变的条件性,判断的有效性永为真。本文中的最后一部分是对刘易斯理论的总体评价,也是对全文的一个总结。首先,对刘易斯理论的总体贡献进行了概括,并分析了受其理论影响的主要人物。其次,通过相关人物对其理论的批评,指出了其理论的不足之处。最后,对刘易斯理论的地位确立了坐标,并分析了其理论对当代的借鉴作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 The subject of this dissertation is C.I.Lewis’s epistemology.The core of Lewis’s epistemology is "conceptional pragmatism".Based on this concept of Lewis’s,this dissertation tries to show the outstanding contributions Lewis has made between traditional and modern philosophies by revealing the deep meaning of this concept and by digging out the deep insights into the experience,knowledge and linguistic problems in Lewis’s theory of pragmatism.And based on this,a systematic evaluation of both the effect and deficiency of Lewis’s epistemology is made.The dissertation is divided into three parts:introduction,body and evaluation.In the part of introduction,such questions like background and significance of the selected title,research status and review of literatures,research methods and structure of the dissertation are introduced firstly.According to the internal logic structure of conceptional meaning in Lewis’s theory,a comprehensive illustration from four aspects,namely the origin of thought,concept vs.empirical reality,concept vs.knowledge,concept vs.priori provisions,is made in the body part of the dissertation.Exploring the origin of thought of conceptional pragmatism constitutes the first part of the dissertation.In this chapter,a rounded analysis of the background of the origin of thought is made at first.From the view of background,Lewis’s theory of conception results from the collision between the traditional epistemology and modern analytical philosophy.His theoretical construction is to find a fusion point between the two.Secondly,through analyzing the origin of thought of Lewis’s thought of pragmatism,this dissertation explores how he finds out a reasonable basis for the fusion of the traditional and modern philosophies.Such a basis serves both as a traditional reference and as the modern criticism.Finally,both the criticism of traditional philosophy and the overall reform strategy in Lewis’s theory are introduced.Concept vs.empirical reality is mainly elaborated in Chapter 2.It is from this chapter that the curtain of Lewis’s theory of "conceptional pragmatism" officially rises.Firstly,starting from Lewis’s analysis of the root cause of predicament on traditional empiricism,this chapter explores the wrong understanding on empiricism’s theory of given and points out the incomprehensibility of experience given itself and puts forward the importance of mind to the interpretation of experience.Secondly,by refuting the two main stream thoughts that challenge the mind interpretation,the relationship among mind interpretation,the independence of the experience given and knowledge composition is clarified.Finally,by exploring the basis of the traditional concept,the universality of building such mind interpretation,namely,social practice,is pointed out.Regarded as the soul of Lewis’s "conceptional pragmatism",concept vs.knowledge and concept vs.priori provisions constitute the core of the dissertation.The two parts are mainly elaborated in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4.In Chapter 3,Lewis’s definition of knowledge is explained firstly.Secondly,the important role which concept plays in the system of knowledge is deeply discussed.It can be divided into three aspects,and the first part is the basic function and the meaning which concept should have in the system of knowledge.In this respect,according to Lewis,the meaning of the concept comes neither from a metaphysical abstraction nor from empirical intuition,but more from hidden practical purpose and has function as classification and prediction in social practice.The second part is to explore the belief as how concept constitutes knowledge.In this respect,Lewis puts forward two types of conceptional judgment,namely,terminating judgment and non-terminating judgment.It shows the basis that experience given can become knowledge belief as well as the relationship between linguistic meaning and behavior.The third part is the justification and verification of concepts in the knowledge belief.According to Lewis,the validity of knowledge belief would take effect in the whole correlation,but the correlation is not such a coherence theory as justification or verification can take place within the system.Lewis thinks that the belief of conceptional meaning is still consistent with the social practical behavior.Finally,issues like concept and reality in knowledge are explored.The reality Lewis understands here is neither the absolute idea as advocated by Plato nor the empiricism’s subjective sensory representation but a mode similar to Kantian objects of conceptional interpretation.The objects of conceptional interpretation are based on men’s rational legislation.However,this legislation is the limitation of experience by the mysterious "Transcendental Ego",but men’s norms of common reality in social practice.It reflects the common social achievement.In Chapter 4,based on Lewis’s discussion of conceptional priori,the dissertation mainly explores issues related to priori concept and knowledge validity.The former question discusses that knowledge does not have the universal validity of priori concept.In other words,traditional Nativism and Kantian a priori proposition do not have the universal necessity.The conceptional apriority only means the legislation of categories in certain conditions.Such legislation is the provision of empirical facts.It is still possible knowledge in predicting experience and will develop along with the possibility of further refutation.The latter question discusses that the validity of knowledge would not become the critical object of Hume’s empiricism.The validity of knowledge is judgment built under some preconditions.These preconditions are all verified facts and they constitute the proofs of validity of knowledge.Under unchanged preconditions,the validity of the judgments is true forever.The last part of the dissertation is both a general evaluation of Lewis’s theory and a summary of the dissertation.Firstly,the overall contribution of Lewis’s theory is summarized and key figures influenced by his theory are analyzed.Secondly,through the critique of Lewis’s theory by relevant critics,the deficiency of his theory is pointed out.Finally,a coordinate is established for the status of Lewis’s theory and his theoretical reference to the contemporary is also analyzed.更多还原