【作者】 陈刚；

【导师】 周清明；

【作者基本信息】 湖南农业大学 ， 烟草科学与工程技术， 2018， 博士

【摘要】 烤烟上部叶的可用性低一直是困扰我国卷烟行业的一个难题。尤其在目前提倡降焦减害的背景下,提高上部叶的可用性,对烤烟总体质量具有十分重要的意义。本研究立足于昆明烟区烤烟上部叶特征和质量进行分析,研究了该烟区的气候和土壤特征对烤烟上部叶质量的影响,在生产上提出提高昆明烤烟上部叶质量的技术方法。主要研究结果如下:1.昆明烟区上部烟叶品质特征及质量分析昆明烤烟上部叶在外观质量、物理指标、化学成分、感官质量指标及综合评价结果均表现出一定程度的区域差异性。昆明烟区上部烟叶外观质量的综合得分平均为84.87,区域内表现以良好为主。物理特性的综合得分平均为79.35,区域内表现以一般和良好为主。化学成分的综合得分平均为70.55,区域内表现以一般为主。感官质量综合得分平均为72.86,区域内表现以一般为主。从昆明烟区的烤烟的综合评价来看,昆明烤烟上部叶质量综合得分均值为73.46,区域内表现以一般为主。2.昆明烟区气候与土壤特征对上部烟叶质量的影响本研究对昆明9个植烟县2012-2015年烤烟气候因子进行了适宜性评价,明确了昆明各植烟县伸根期均温、旺长期均温、成熟期均温均处于烤烟生长最适宜范围内。此外,昆明烟区气候适宜性指数整体较高,气候条件适宜,较适合优质烟叶的生产。烤烟上部叶的质量主要形成于大田成熟期,烤烟成熟期的生态因素变化是决定上部叶质量优劣的关键。通过对昆明地区各烟区上部叶外观质量、物理指标、化学成分、感官质量与各时期气候因子进行简单相关分析,发现成熟期均温与上部叶的绝大部分品质特征呈显著正相关关系,而成熟期降雨量则与部分品质特征呈负相关关系。表明较高的成熟期气温有利于上部烟叶品质的提升,而成熟期过多的降雨量则限制了上部烟叶品质的提升。昆明烟区不同县市的土壤养分对烤烟上部叶品质影响较大。外观质量方面,土壤碱解氮含量对烟叶的结构、成熟度、身份、油分和颜色均有显著影响。物理特性方面,土壤有机质和全钾含量对烟叶影响主要表现在单叶重、叶长、开片度和叶面密度等指标。化学成分方面,烟叶中钾含量以及氮碱比受土壤养分含量影响较小,数值差异不显著,而其他化学成分含量则受土壤养分含量的影响较大。感官质量方面,土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量对感官质量的影响较大。3.提高烤烟上部叶质量的研究及其评价方法的新探索(1)通过配施有机无机复合肥对烤烟上部烟叶质量提高的影响结果表明,当有机肥占比1/3-1/2时,烤烟减产不明显,均价及上中等烟比例最大。施用有机肥还导致了烟叶中钾含量增加,从而提高烟叶品质。因此,有机无机肥配施时有机肥占比不宜超过1/2。(2)栽培密度和施氮量对烤烟上部叶的影响结果表明,嵩明烟区的烟株移栽密度为1.1m×0.50m,亩施氮量为6.5kg-8.0kg时上部烟叶品质较佳。(3)膜下小苗移栽技术对昆明上部烟叶的影响结果表明,膜下小苗移栽技术移栽成活率高,烟叶采烤结束时间提前了12d,且其感官质量稍好于常规移栽烤烟。(4)采收方式及成熟度对上部烟叶细胞结构及品质的影响结果表明,移栽125天采收的上部叶叶片组织结构疏松,有机物积累较好,烟叶柔软性和感官评吸得分优于其他时期。因此,嵩明县烟苗移栽125d是烤烟上部叶最佳采摘期。(5)昆明上部叶柔软性与品质差异研究结果表明,柔软性好的烟叶柔软度值小于40mN,柔软度差的烟叶柔软度值大于60mN。柔软性好的上部烟叶其外观质量和感官质量评分及化学成分协调性均明显优于柔软性差的上部烟叶,其细胞结构疏松,细胞间隙较大,海绵组织与栅栏组织的厚度比≥1。更多还原

【Abstract】 The low usability of flue-cured tobacco upper leaves is one problem of tobacco industry in China.At present,because of advocating a reduction of tar in the tobacco industry,it is a great meaning of improving the flue-cured tobacco upper leaves’ s usability on the quality and quantity of flue-cured tobacco in general.The research did a comprehensive analysis on the upper leaves characteristics and usability of flue-cured tobacco in KunMing tobacco-growing area,and provide technical methods of improving usability of KunMing flue-cured tobacco upper leaves,considering effects of the regional climate and soil characteristics on flue-cured tobacco upper leaves.The main results were as follows:1.Analysis on quality characteristics and availability of KunMing flue-cured tobacco upper leaves.There were some degree of regional differences in appearance quality,physical indicators,chemical composition,sensory quality and comprehensive assessment results of KunMing flue-cured tobacco upper leaves.Mean score of appearance quality of the KunMing flue-cured tobacco upper leaves was 84.87,most of the regional tobacco upper leaves appearance quality score was generally good;Mean score of tobacco upper leaves physical qulity was 79.35,most of the regional tobacco upper leaves physical quality score was generally good too;Mean score of tobacco upper leaves chemical quality was 70.55,and most of the regional tobacco upper leaves chemical quality score was moderate;Mean score of tobacco sensory quality was 72.86,and most of the regional tobacco upper leaves sensory quality score was moderate too.As a whole,mean score of KunMing tobacco was 73.46,most of the regional tobacco upper leaves was moderate.2.Climatic and soil characteristics in KunMing tobacco-growing area and their effects on quality of tobacco upper leaves.The study had evaluated the climate factors of the flue-cured tobacco in nine counties in KunMing from 2012 to 2015 to determine suitability,and had clarified the averagetemperature in root extending period,vigorous growing period and mature period was in the optimum range of the growth of flue-cured tobacco.In addition,the climate suitability index in KunMing tobacco-growing area was relatively high,and climate conditions were proper,which was suitable for producing high quality tobacco.Because the quality of the upper leaves of the cured tobacco was mainly formed in the maturation of the field,changes of ecological factors were the key to determine the quality of upper leaves.Through simple correlation analysis between climate factors at all times and appearance quality,physical indicators,chemical composition,sensory quality in every tobacco-growing area of KunMing,it was found out that average temperature of mature period had a significant positive correlation with most quality characteristics of upper leaves,while rainfall in mature period had a negative correlation with partial quality characteristics.This indicated that higher temperature in mature period benefited quality of upper leaves and improvements of usability,while excessive rainfall in mature period limited them.Soil nutrient of different districts in KunMing tobacco-growing area had a great influence on quality of tobacco upper leaves.In appearance quality,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen had a significant effect on tobacco leaf structure,maturity,identity,oil content and colour.In physical property,Soil organic matter content and total potassium had a large effect on tobacco leaves,the main indices included single leaf weight,leaf length,open slice and foliage density.In chemical component,potassium content and nitrogen-nicotine ratio in tobacco leaves were less affected by soil nutrient content,the numerical differences were not significant,while contents of other chemical composition were significantly affected by soil nutrient content.In sensory quality,soil organic matter conetent,total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen had a great influence.3.Researches on improving the usability of the upper leaves of the flue-cured tobacco and it’s new exploration of evaluation method.(1)On the study of the influence of organic inorganic compound fertilizer on the quality improvement of the upper leaf tobacco,it is found that when organic fertilizer accounted for1/3-1/2,the reduction in tabacco production was not obvious,the scale of average price and middle-upper of tabcco were the highest,and the potassium of the leaves increased,which raised the upper leaves quality.Therefore,when applying organic and inorganic fertilizer,the proportion of organic fertilizer was supposed not exceed 1/2.(2)The study on the effectsof the density of cultivation and the amount of nitrogen on upper flue-cured tobacco leaves indicated that,the best quatity of tobacco upper leaves in SongMing area was by the way with transplanting density of 1.1 m×0.50 m,and applicating nitrogen of 6.5 kg-8kg per acre.(3)The study on the effects of young seeding transplant of film cultevation on upper tobacco leaves indicated that,the tobacco survival rate of this technology was higher,and tobacco harvesting time was 12 days in ahead,and the sensory quality was slightly better than the conventional one.(4)The study on the effect of harvesting methods and maturity on the structure and quality of tobacco upper leaf cells indicated that,the upper leaves after been transplated for 125 days had loose structure,more accumulation of organic matter and sensory assessment scores were superior to those in other periods.Therefore,the best havesting period in SongMing tobacco growing area is 125 days after tobacco seedling transplanting.(5)The study on the relations of softness and quality of KunMing tobacco upper leaves indicated that,the softness value of good softness tobacco upper leaves was less than 40 mN,and the bad one was greater than 60 mN.The appearance quality scores,sensory quality scores and main chemical components harmony of good softness tobacco upper leaves were obviously higher than the bad ones.The good softness tobacco upper leaves had looser cell structure,bigger intercellular space and thickness ratio of spongy tissue and palisade tissue was equal and greater than 1.更多还原