【作者】 张琳；

【导师】 权龙；

【作者基本信息】 太原理工大学 ， 机械工程， 2018， 博士

【摘要】 挖掘机是我国工程建设领域不可或缺的机械装备类型,为经济和社会发展做出了重要贡献。随着科技的进步,针对挖掘机的运行、安全和性能方面的研究取得了长足进步,随之而来的人机工学问题却越来越凸显。目前世界上的知名挖掘机生产制造商已经从单纯的对于功能、技术等方面的关注扩大到了对人性化设计、操作舒适性等人机系统方面的关注。挖掘机的人机系统研究是一个以用户为中心的多学科综合问题的求解过程,其中涉及到了机械电子、车辆工程和工业设计等多个专业方面的交叉知识体系,由于目前尚缺乏系统、综合、统一的研究理论和方法,无法满足设计与评估的实际需求,严重制约了挖掘机品牌影响力和产品竞争力的提升。本文以液压挖掘机的人机系统为研究对象,以用户模式为总体设计思想,采用人机工程学和感性工学相结合的研究方法,同时充分考虑工程机械产品自身的功能特点,提出了将液压挖掘机整机人机系统从内向外依次分为动力层、行为层和视觉层三个层次的研究方法,深入探索了每个层次的人机系统设计问题,并在本文的最后对所设计的整体人机系统进行了评价应用。论文的主要工作如下:(1)动力层方面,选取液压系统为主要研究对象,针对微弱故障信号在强噪声背景下很难识别的问题,提出了一种基于最小熵反褶积(MED)和总体平均经验模态分解(EEMD)的故障特征提取方法;针对液压系统故障诊断速度和可靠性的问题,提出了将超限学习机(ELM)与核函数相结合的智能诊断方法;通过实验验证,MED-EEMD-KELM相结合的方法能够准确提取液压泵的故障特征,并对常见故障进行有效诊断;而针对机器运行信息不易理解的问题,提出了基于用户需求可视化的人机界面设计方法,为用户和挖掘机动力系统之间建立清晰、准确、无障碍的交互体验提供了平台。(2)行为层方面,针对挖掘机驾驶室的布置设计与优化方法开展了研究。通过分析中国驾驶者人体尺寸的参数特征,对驾驶室的布置基准点进行了合理优化,对基于舒适坐姿的布置设计基准点进行了求解;在此基础上,进一步结合工程机械驾驶室的结构特点,分析了相关参数要素,优化了基于驾驶者人体尺寸参数的驾驶室布置模型。(3)视觉层方面,挖掘机的外观造型和色彩是最直接的视觉表现,也是提升自我研发品牌价值、提高自身辨识度的重要形式。针对挖掘机的造型设计研究,提出了基于用户偏好的品质设计优化方法;同时针对挖掘机色彩搭配的量化评价需求,提出了基于感性意象的色彩设计数理评价模型,该方法可将抽象的色彩意象转化为精准的数值,从理论上验证了最优方案的合理性。(4)人机系统的整体评价与应用,挖掘机人机系统是一个多层次、多因素、多变量、非确定性的复杂系统,本文通过模糊数学理论,建立了挖掘机人机系统的多层次模糊综合评价模型,并运用该模型对市场现有挖掘机产品进行了综合评价与对比,为挖掘机的合理化设计和优化配置提供了良好的借鉴作用。论文通过以上研究工作,从整体角度分层次研究了挖掘机的人机系统,提出相关设计方法并进行综合评价,搭建了人机系统理论框架,对相关设计要点进行了具体研究,对于提高我国挖掘机总体设计水平具有一定的理论意义和工程实用价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 Excavator is an indispensable type of mechanical equipment in the field of engineering construction in China,which has made a great contribution to economic and social development.With the development of science and technology,the research on the operation,safety,and performance of the excavator has made great progress,but the ergonomic problem is becoming more and more prominent.Now some well-known excavator manufacturers of the world have expanded their vision from the pure attention to the function,technology to the human-machine system,such as humanized design,operation comfort and so on.The research on the human-machine system of excavators is a typical solving process about the user-centered multi-disciplinary comprehensive problems,which involves the machinery electronics engineering,vehicle engineering,industrial design engineering,and other aspects of the overlapping knowledge system.Because of the lack of systematic,composite,uniform theory and method,which can’t meet the actual demand of design and evaluation,and have restricted severely the development of excavator brand and product competitiveness.Using the human-machine system of the hydraulic excavator as the research object and the user model as the overall design idea,combining with the ergonomics and perceptual engineering research methods.Meanwhile,we consider fully the functional characteristics of the construction machinery products and propose a new research method which divides human-machine system of hydraulic excavator from the inside to the outside into three layers(dynamic layer,behavior layer,and the visual layer).The design issues of human-machine system at each layer are also explored further.Finally,the overall human-machine system designed is evaluated and applied at last part of this thesis.The main work is as follows:1.In dynamic layer,because it was difficult to identify the weak fault signal of excavator hydraulic system under the background of strong noise,in order to solve this problem,a fault feature extraction method based on Minimum Entropy Deconvolution(MED)and Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition(EEMD)was proposed.For the speed and reliability problem of hydraulic system fault diagnosis,an intelligent diagnosis method combining the Extreme Learning Machine(ELM)with the kernel function was also proposed.Through the experimental verification,the method of combining MED-EEMD-KELM could accurately extract the fault features of the hydraulic pump and effectively diagnose the common faults.In order to solving the problem of comprehension difficulty to operation information of machine,a human-machine interface design method based on the user requirements visualization was proposed to provide a platform for establishing a clear,accurate and accessible interactive experience between users and dynamic layer of the excavator.2.For the behavior layer,the layout design and optimization method of excavator cab was studied.By analyzing the parameters of Chinese driver’s body size,the Hip point for the cab layout was optimized,and the Hip point based on the comfortable sitting position was solved also.Meanwhile,the cab layout model based on the driver’s body size parameters was optimized under the analysis of relevant parameter elements of the structural characteristics of the cab of machine.3.For the visual layer,the appearance and color of the excavator was the most direct visual performance,and it was also an important form to enhance the self-developed brand value and improve the self-identity.Aiming at excavator’s design research,this thesis proposed a quality design optimization method based on the users’ preferences.At the same time,according to the quantitative evaluation requirements of color matching of the excavator,a mathematical design evaluation model based on the perceptual image was proposed also.This method could transform the abstract color image into accurate numerical value,which verified the rationality of the optimal scheme theoretically.4.The human-machine system of the excavator was a multi-level,multi-factor,multi-variable,non-deterministic complex system.This paper established a multi-layer fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of human-machine system of excavator through fuzzy mathematics theory,and the models for the market’s existing excavator products were comprehensively evaluated and compared,which provided a good reference for the rational design and optimal configuration of the excavator.Through the above research work,this thesis studied hierarchically the human-machine system of excavator from a whole point of view,proposed the relevant design method and carried out a comprehensive evaluation,set up a theoretical framework of the human-machine system,which carried out the specific research on the relevant design points.It has certain theoretical significance and engineering practical value for improving the overall design level of excavators in China.更多还原