【作者】 王媛媛；

【导师】 过仲阳；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 地图学与地理信息系统， 2018， 博士

【摘要】 我国自改革开放以来经历了快速的城市化进程,城市热岛效应和大气污染成为当前城市地区普遍存在的环境问题,由于两者能够影响当地、区域以及国家尺度的气候和生态进程,并且严重危害人类的身体健康及社会的发展。因此近年来关于城市热岛与空气质量的问题,正成为科学家、政府决策者和普通民众关注的热点问题。研究基于2004-2016年土地利用/覆盖变化（LUCC）数据、地表温度（LST）数据、植被覆盖数据、地面空气质量监测数据及其他辅助数据（如地表高程数据、夜间灯光数据、气象数据和社会经济统计数据）,采用区域统计、相关性分析、回归分析、全局和区域空间自相关Moran’s I分析、探索性空间数据分析（ESDA）、普通最小二乘（OLS）、空间滞后模型（SAR）、空间误差模型（SEM）和地理加权回归（GWR）模型等方法。定量化研究中国全局、区域和城市尺度的四季昼夜地表城市热岛强度UHII（Urban Heat Island Intensity）、空气质量及大气污染物的时空分布特征,分析了城市热岛和空气质量的时空演变规律,影响因素及相互关系。主要研究结论有以下几个方面:（1）2016年中国昼夜UHII的时空分布格局显示,在白天,我国东南部地区（包括东北、华东及华南）的UHII高于北部地区（包括华北和西北地区）,但是夜间却相反,北部地区高于南部地区,并且昼夜UHII存在明显的季节性特征。2016年全国以颗粒物污染为主要污染物,中国南方地区城市的空气质量好于北方城市,华北平原空气质量最差,大城市NO₂和O₃浓度较高。SO₂超标现象多以煤炭消耗高的省份（如山西,山东和辽宁等地）为主。（2）城市热岛和空气质量数据均具有显著的空间自相关性,利用不同空间回归模型分析了城市热岛和空气质量两者与影响因素之间的关系。结果显示,GWR模型的拟合度高于其他空间模型。城市形态与城市热岛和空气质量之间密切相关,城市地区平均斑块的面积越大,连接度越高,城市形状越复杂,城市地区的UHII越强,平均大气污染物浓度越低。城市化各指标与NO₂浓度之间的关系最密切,其中经济发达程度与NO₂浓度呈现显著的正相关关系,人口密度较大的城市颗粒物污染较严重。（3）2004-2016年间,我国31个主要城市的昼夜UHII均没有明显的变化,但地表温度呈现明显的上升趋势,大城市的植被覆盖度有所提高。城市地区白天地表温度以0.06℃/年的速度增长,夜间地表温度的上升速度快于白天,为0.09℃/年。总体上城市LST的上升与城市面积、人口规模及相应的能源消耗增加有关。（4）2004-2016年间,31个主要城市空气质量呈现“较好—恶化—转好”的趋势,得益于环境保护政策的实施与植被覆盖度的提高,大城市呈现明显的好转迹象,如北京、上海和广州的空气质量有明显的改善。本研究的创新之处在于,从国家尺度分析了我国城市热岛与空气质量的时空分布格局以及两者的影响因素及时空变化关系;利用多源数据集及GWR模型从地域的角度对影响因素的空间分布关系进行挖掘。目前该研究属于一种新的理念,为后续对两者之间关系的深入研究提供参考。综上所述,本研究利用环境遥感和地面观测等数据,使用空间回归模型的方法对我国城市化进程下城市热岛和空气质量的时空变化及影响因素进行综合分析。城市地区是城市形态和城市人口、物质和能量交汇的综合体,对城市热岛效应和空气质量有显著影响。随着经济的发展、能源结构的调整、植被覆盖度的提高和先进技术的实施,城市化能够为缓解城市热岛效应和大气污染提供技术和经济保障。本研究结果能够为城市规划、环境保护政策的制定及相关科研人员提供参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 China has experienced rapid urbanization since the reform and opening up.Urban heat island effects and air pollution have become common environmental problems in urban areas,because they can affect the climate and ecological processes at the local,regional and national scales,and seriously endanger human physical health and social development.Therefore,in the recent years,the issue of urban heat island and air quality has become a hot issue for scientists,government policy makers and ordinary people.The study is based on 2004-2016 land use/cover change（LUCC）data,land surface temperature（LST）data,vegetation cover data,ground air quality montoring data,and other auxiliary data including surface elevation data,nighttime light data,meteorological data and socio-economic statistics data.Regional statistics,correlation analysis,regression analysis,global and regional spatial autocorrelation Moran’s I index,exploratory spatial data analysis（ESDA）,ordinary least squares（OLS）,spatial lag model（SAR）and spatial error model（SEM）and geographic weighted regression（GWR）model were used.Quantitative study of the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of surface urban heat island intensity（UHII）,air quality and air pollutants at city,regional and national scale in China.The temporal and spatial evolution,influencing factors and interrelationships of urban heat island and air quality are analyzed.The main research conclusions are as follows:（1）The spatial and temporal distribution pattern of UHII in China during 2016 shows that,during the daytime,in the southeastern of China（including Northeast,East China and South China）is higher than that of the northwest and north China.While the opposite at the nighttime,the northern regions are higher than the southern regions.The diurnal UHII have obvious seasonal charactertics.The air quality in southern China is better than that in the northern region in 2016.Particle pollution was the main pollutant in China.The air quality in the North China Plain was the worest,and the concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ in larger cities were higher.The phenomenon of SO₂ exceeding the standard appears mostly in provinces with high coal consumption such as Shanxi,Shandong and Liaoning province.（2）The urban heat island and air quality have significant spatial autocorrelation.The relationship between urban heat island and air quality and incluncing factors is analyzed by using different spatial regression models.The results show that the GWR model has higher fitness than other spatial model.The urban form is closely related to the urban heat island and air quality.The larger mean patch area,the more complex shape of the city,the higher connectivity,the stronger UHII and the lower average air pollutants concentration.The relationship between urbanization indicators and NO₂ concentration is closest,and the degree of economic development has a significant positive correlation with NO₂ concentration.City with large population density particulate matter is more serious.（3）During 2004-2016,there were no significant changes in the diurnal UHII of 31major cities in China,but the surface temperatue showed an obvious upward trend,and the vegetation coverage of large cities increased.The rate of warming of urban surface temperature at the night is 0.09℃/a faster than daytime of 0.06℃/a.Overall,the increase of urban surface temperature and the increase of urban area,population size and corresponding energy consumption.（4）During 2004-2016,the air quality of 31 major cities showed a good-deteriorating-improve trend.Benefit from the implementation of environmental protection policies and the improvement of vegetation coverage,large cities showed obvirous signs of improvement,such as Beijing,Shanghai and Guangzhou has improved significantly.The innovation of this research is that it analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution pattern and influencing factors of urban heat island and air quality in China at the national scale,and investigated the relationship between urban heat island and air quality.Multi-source data set and GWR model are used to mine the spatial distribution of influencing factors from a geographical perspective.At present,the research belongs to a new concept,which provides a reference for further research on relationship between urban heat island and air quality.In summary,this study uses remote sensing data and ground observation data,to use spatial regression model to comprehensively analyze the spatial and temporal changes and influencing factors of urban heat island and air quality under the urbanization process in China.Urban areas are a combination of urban form and population,the intersection of matter and energy,which has a significant impact on urban heat island effect and air quality.With the development of economy,adjustment of energy structure,elevation of vegetation coverage and advanced technology implementation,urbanization can provide technical and economic measures to alleviate urban heat island effects and air pollution.The results of this study can provide reference for urban planning,environmental protection policy formulation and related researchers.更多还原