【作者】 李丽；

【导师】 肖朗；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 教育史， 2018， 博士

【摘要】 在英国教育史上,第二次世界大战后出现的英国“新左派”曾以实现工人阶级解放为目的,致力于英国工人阶级教育。其中,霍加特、威廉斯和汤普森等成员更是以保护工人阶级文化为由,致力于工人阶级文化与教育研究。霍加特等人因此开启了后来闻名世界的“文化研究”(狭义)这一知识工程,三人也被视为英国文化研究的奠基人。他们面对战后英国社会的文化问题,尤其是“无阶级”论争,起初以英国成人教育为阵地,进行工人阶级文化研究,并探讨了工人阶级教育的文化理论基础;而后又进入大学体系内部教学,以大学教师的身份继续思考工人阶级文化与教育问题。霍加特等人倡导以扩大的文化概念对抗英国本土的精英主义,开创了教育的“文化主义”研究范式,并在此基础上致力于工人阶级教育,以实现工人阶级解放。因此,他们所开创的英国文化研究,其实质是一种工人阶级文化与教育研究,在英国教育思想史上具有独特的意义。本文以霍加特、威廉斯和汤普森三位英国文化研究的奠基人为考察中心,联系英国文化研究的诞生过程,考察他们思想产生的社会和教育背景,分析他们思想的主要内容,探讨他们思想的理论来源及其旨归,反思他们思想的特征、影响及意义等。全文共分为六章。第一章为“绪论”,首先介绍研究选题及其意义。本文以英国文化研究的奠基人霍加特、威廉斯和汤普森为考察中心,探讨其主要的文化与教育思想及其在英国教育思想史上的地位。这一研究能够充实中国的英国教育思想史研究,能够为国内兴起的“教育文化研究”提供文化和教育理论资源,并对教育内涵发展历史的探讨具有意义。其次,对关于英国文化研究的奠基、英国成人教育与英国文化研究的起源之关系,对霍加特、威廉斯和汤普森教育思想与实践的相关研究成果进行了回顾,并界定了文章的核心概念。最后,阐述了本文的研究思路,说明了所采用的研究方法论及其与研究对象的适切性,并介绍了具体的研究方法和研究史料的使用。本文运用曼海姆的“知识社会学”作为方法论,采用文本分析法和比较法进行具体的研究。第二章探讨了英国文化研究诞生的历史背景。“二战”后,由于福利国家建设,英国社会出现了“富裕社会”的神话。另外,美国文化的入侵也使得英国自身具有阶级性的文化遭遇了大众化转向。本土和外来两股力量的合流,在英国社会引发了关于“无阶级”的论争。在教育领域,在20世纪上半叶,长久以来致力于英国工人阶级教育的成人教育出现了重大转向,它由以阶级为基础的工人阶级教育转向以民族为基础的大众成人教育,由此导致了工人阶级教育问题的再次凸显。文化问题与工人阶级教育问题,由于霍加特、威廉斯和汤普森等英国“新左派”成员的介入而得到了结合,英国文化研究正是诞生于这样的历史语境中。第三章考察了霍加特、威廉斯和汤普森的成人教育实践,并重点分析了他们在成人教育领域中所写就的文化研究的奠基之作。霍加特、威廉斯和汤普森均在“二战”结束后加入了成人教育的讲师之列。在与工人阶级的接触过程中,他们进一步思考了英国的文化问题,并将各自的思考理论化,分别写就了《文化的用途》《文化与社会》《漫长的革命》《英国工人阶级的形成》等代表作品。他们的著作以不同的侧重点、从不同的角度对“无阶级”问题做出了回应,从而证明了“工人阶级文化”的存在。这些著作为工人阶级教育研究奠定了文化理论基础,并从不同角度、不同层次思考了工人阶级的教育问题。第四章阐述了霍加特、威廉斯和汤普森在教育方面的主要论题。随着英国成人教育的转向,霍加特等人先后离开了这一领域,转而进入英国高等教育体系内部。身为大学教师的霍加特、威廉斯和汤普森,尽管转换了角度,但立场依然没有改变,他们在高等教育体系内部继续思考了工人阶级的教育问题。霍加特批判了教育中的“英格兰性情”,包括阶级偏见、职业主义倾向以及英国高等教育中的一些弊端等;威廉斯构思了他理想中的成人教育这一“边境乡村”,阐述了成人教育的本质与原则、成人教育教学、大众传播与成人教育的关系等;汤普森抨击了以华威大学为代表的“商业大学”对工商业界的过度依附,他在探讨教育与经验之关系的基础上,进一步分析华威大学与工业资本主义的从属关系,并探讨了大学的理念问题。第五章论证了霍加特、威廉斯和汤普森所开创的英国文化研究,其旨归为“工人阶级文化与教育研究”。霍加特等人批判式地继承了英国本土的“文化—文明”传统。他们在认可“教育是通往文化的大道”这一思想的同时,抛弃了其中的精英主义立场,开创了教育的“文化主义”研究范式。他们以文化、阶级、经验为核心范畴,来抵制英国本土的精英主义,凸显文化在工人阶级解放运动中的意义,并占据了工人阶级文化的教育空间。霍加特、威廉斯和汤普森关于工人阶级教育的核心思想分别是:批判素养的培养,有教养的、参与式民主的建构,工人阶级意识的形成。三人最终想要达成的目标是社会主义民主的实现与工人阶级的解放。第六章为反思与借鉴,从教育思想史的角度总结了霍加特、威廉斯和汤普森所开创的英国文化研究之特征、影响及意义。这一部分首先分析了英国文化研究与马克思主义之间的关系,据此考察霍加特等人理论存在的缺陷。然后以西方马克思主义阵营中的“法兰克福学派”为参照系,比较其与英国文化主义者的文化与教育思想,以此突出英国文化研究的主要特征:霍加特等人不愿进行纯理论性的学术研究,他们更加重视理论与工人阶级政治运动实践的结合,重视自身作为知识分子对工人阶级解放事业所能做出的贡献。在此基础上,审视英国文化研究在全球进行理论旅行的过程中所失却的最为重要的东西,即文化研究患上了“政治失语症”。但是,英国文化研究的意义并没有完全丧失。霍加特等人所开创的传统在后来英国的伯明翰学派中得到了部分传承;在新自由主义全面影响英国的社会和教育之时,霍加特等人的文化研究仍大有用武之地。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the history of British education,the "New Left" that emerged after the World War II was devoted to the working class education in Britain for the purpose of the working class liberation.Among them,members such as Richard Hoggart,Raymond Williams and Edward Thompson,committed to working class culture and education research on the grounds of protecting the working class culture.They thus pioneered the knowledge project of "Cultural Studies",which was famous later in worldwide.They were also regarded as the founders of British Cultural Studies.When faced the cultural issue of post-war British society,especially the "classless" debate,Hoggart,Williams and Thompson conducted research on working class culture and explored the cultural basis of working class education in the field of adult education at the beginning.Then they continued to think about the issue of working class education as university teachers in formal education system.Hoggart,Williams and Thompson advocated the expansion of the concept of "culture" to against the British cultural and educational elitism,and they created a paradigm of education research called"culturalism".On the basis of these,they committed to the working class education to achieve the working class liberation.Therefore,the British Cultural Studies Hoggart,Williams and Thompson initiated were essentially a kind of working class culture and education research,which has unique significance in the history of British educational thought.By taking three founders of the Cultural Studies,Hoggart,Williams and Thompson,as the center of investigation,and linking to the emergence of British Cultural Studies,this dissertation attempted to examine the social and educational background of their thoughts,to analyze the main connotation of their thoughts,to explore their theoretical resources and the essence of their thoughts,and to review the characteristics,influence and significance of their thoughts.The whole dissertation was divided into six chapters.The first chapter was "introduction".At first,it explained the research topic and its significance.Taking three founders of the Cultural Studies as the center of investigation,this dissertation was to explore their main cultural and educational thoughts and their position in the history of British educational thoughts.This research could enrich the study of the history of British educational thoughts in China,provide cultural and educational theoretical resources for the rise of "educational cultural studies" in China,and it could advance the history of examining the connotation of "education".Secondly,this part reviewed related research results about the foundation of British Cultural Studies,the relationship between British adult education and the emergence of British Cultural Studies,and about Hoggart,Williams and Thompson’s educational thoughts and practices.Then it defined the core concept of the dissertation.Thirdly,it also expounded the research design,explained the appropriateness of the research methodology,and introduced the specific research methods and related historical data.This dissertation used Mannheim’s "knowledge sociology" as the methodology,and adopted text analysis and comparative method as the specific research methods.The second chapter focused on the historical background of the emergence of British Cultural Studies.After the World War II,due to the construction of the welfare state,there was the myth of "Wealthy society" in the British society.In addition,the invasion of American culture caused the British original class culture to encounter popularization.The confluence of the two forces,both indigenous and foreign,sparked the debate about the "classless".In the field of education,there had a major shift in adult education in the first half of the 20th century.It had shifted from class-based working class education to state-based mass adult education,which led to the re-emergence of the problem of working class education.Thanks to the involvement of British "New Left",members like Hoggart,Williams and Thompson,the cultural issue had been combined with the educational issue of working class.The British Cultural Studies emerged in such historical contexts.The third chapter examined the adult education practices of Hoggart,Williams and Thompson,and analyzed their based work of Cultural Studies written in the field of adult education.Hoggart,Williams and Thompson joined the ranks of adult education lecturers after the end of World War II.In the process of contacting with the working class,they pondered the cultural issue further,and theorized their thoughts.Then they completed their famous works,The Use of literacy,Culture and Society,The Long Revolution and The Making of the English Working Class.Their works responded to the issue of "classless" from different perspective,thus proved the existence of working class culture.Their efforts laid a theoretical foundation for the study of the working class education and they analyzed the working class education in different angles and at different levels.The fourth chapter described the main educational topics of Hoggart,Williams and Thompson.Along with the turn of British adult education,they left the field of adult education and entered the higher education system.As university teachers,although their workplace has changed,Hoggart,Williams and Thompson did not change their positions,and they continued to think about the working class education.Hoggart criticized the "English temper" in British education,disclosing the class prejudice and the tendency of vocationalism in British education,pointing out the shortcomings in British higher education.Williams envisioned the "border country" of his ideal of adult education,expounding the nature and principles of adult education,adult education teaching,the relationship of mass communication and adult education.Thompson attacked the excessive dependence of the "business university" represented by Warwick University on the industry,analyzing the affiliation relationship between Warwick University and industrial capitalism further on the basis of discussing the relationship between "education and experience",and clarifying the ideal of the university.The fifth chapter demonstrated the essence of the British Cultural Studies,pioneered by Hoggart,Williams and Thompson,was working class culture and education research.Hoggart,Williams and Thompson inherited the British"culture-civilization" tradition critically.While approbating the idea of "education is the way to culture" of the tradition,they abandoned its elitism and occupied the educational space of the working class culture.They created a unique "culturalism"paradigm of education research.They adopted "culture","class" and "experience" as the core category to resist the British elitism and highlight the significance of culture and education in the working class movement for liberation.Then,Hoggart,Williams and Thompson formed their own important thoughts about the working class education:the cultivation of "critical literacy",the construction of "educated and participating democracy",the making of "working class consciousness".The ultimate aim of the three was to achieve socialist democracy and the liberation of the working class.The sixth chapter was reflection and reference.It mainly summarized the characteristics,influence and significance of British Cultural Studies initiated by Hoggart,Williams and Thompson from the perspective of the history of educational thought.This part first analyzed the relationship between British Cultural Studies and Marxism,and examined the shortcomings of their theoretical thinking.Based on the comparison of main cultural and educational thoughts of the Frankfurt School to the British Culturalist,it was to highlight the characteristics of British Cultural Studies.Hoggart,Williams and Thompson were unwilling to conduct pure theoretical academic research.In contrast,they paid more attention to the combination of theory and the practice of the working class movement,and attached importance to their contribution as intellectuals to the liberation of the working class.Thus,it examined the most important changes of Cultural Studies that have taken place in the course of its theoretical travel:Cultural Studies had suffered from "political aphasia".However,the significance of British Cultural Studies has not been lost completely.The tradition pioneered by Hoggart,Williams and Thompson was passed down partially by the Birmingham School.It was still valuable that their cultural studies were when neo-liberalism influenced the society and education in Britain in all aspects.更多还原