【作者】 康群；

【导师】 李兆华；

【作者基本信息】 湖北大学 ， 植物学， 2018， 博士

【摘要】 在自然界,植物能够以其生理整合能力响应环境胁迫和养分供给。沼液是一种传统的优质有机肥料,然而随着中国规模化猪场和沼气工程的发展,沼液的数量巨大,组成更加复杂。大型养猪场周围的土地使用空间有限。剩余沼气在中国各地区造成了较大的环境负荷,威胁着食品安全和人类健康。传统的土地消纳和现代的污水治理工艺都不能全面解决这一问题。水培作为一种新型环保的现代化蔬菜栽培技术,有效解决了蔬菜等农作物生产受土壤资源短缺和自然条件的制约。沼液用于设施化水培技术有利于养猪企业将规模化养殖和沼液设施化利用联合起来,形成一个零排放的全闭合绿色循环农业模式。因此研究植物在沼液水培环境中的生理响应和生长特征有利于探讨植物的抗逆生理反应机理,并指导水培生产实践。文章首先研究了水生植物水稻(Oryza sativa)、水芹(Oenanthe javanica)、西洋菜(Nasturtium officinale)和陆生植物养心菜(Sedum aizoon)、富贵菜(Gynura divaricata)、草莓(Fragaria ananassa)、旱芹(Apiumgraveolens),在不同来源沼液及其不同稀释倍数沼液下进行水培时所受到的环境胁迫和生理响应。研究结果表明:用同一种猪场沼液水培不同的植物时(水芹和西洋菜,水芹和旱芹),沼液的最佳稀释倍数相同;而用不同猪场的沼液水培同一种植物(水芹),其最佳稀释倍数是不同的。三种不同的沼液的最佳稀释倍数分别为45、20和30倍,其电导率值在0.54-0.61ms/cm之间,总氮含量在17.9-28.9mg/L之间,总磷含量在0.62-4.5 mg/L之间,总钾含量在17.8-26.7 mg/L。最佳稀释倍数是植物对不同稀释倍数下存在的各种抑制因素和有利因素的自我平衡和选择的结果。在最佳稀释倍数下,水生植物和陆生植物表现出较强的生理适应能力,能较好地存活、生长。水稻有完整的生长周期,可开花结出稻穗产出稻米;水芹和西洋菜亦能生长、开花、结籽;草莓能开花结果;富贵菜、养心菜和旱芹等具有较好的生物生长量。最佳稀释倍数沼液中的营养成分基本可以满足以上所述植物的生长发育的需要。然而各类植物在不同稀释倍数沼液下,都受到了一定程度的环境胁迫,表现在生物量指标、生理指标和形态指标上有一定程度的改变。如稻米和草莓产量质量比对照显著差异,各植物在生长量等指标上也显著小于对照。草莓开花结果的时间比土种对照提前,可能是草莓植株对逆境胁迫的反应。其次文章对沼液原液及稀释后沼液水培环境的胁迫因子分别作了分析。在此基础上提出植物专用沼液添加配方,其原理是将沼液稀释到最佳倍数后对照植物现有的营养液专用配方,将缺乏的元素浓度换算为对应的化合物浓度,从而形成具有可操作性的沼液添加配方。沼液添加配方栽培实验结果显示,沼液添加配方相对于普通营养液配方,提高了水芹的鲜重日增率、鲜重比、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶绿素、根系酶活性、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、维生素C,降低了水芹的硝酸盐含量和胞间CO2浓度,而其株高、叶面积、根系长度、根表面积、总根数、气孔导度与营养液配方无显著差异。水芹的生长量和品质都得到了很大提升。各项指标也远优于土种对照栽培的水芹。沼液添加配方在提升水芹品质和生理生长指标方面是有效的。研究成果可为沼液资源化利用的新途径提供理论参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 In nature,plants can respond to environmental stress and nutrient supplies with their physiological integration ability.Traditionally biogas slurry is a kind high quality organic fertilizer.However,with the development of large-scale pig farms and biogas projects in China,the amount of biogas slurry is huge and the composition become more complex.There is no enough land around the large pig farms for biogas slurry utilization.The surplus biogas slurry has caused a greater environmental load in various parts of China,which threatens food safety and human health.Traditional land reclamation and modern sewage treatment technology cannot solve this problem completely.As a new modern vegetable cultivation technology which can protect environment,hydroponics has effectively solved the problem that vegetable production was constrained by the shortage of land resources and natural conditions.The application of biogas slurry to hydroponics is beneficial for pig farming enterprises to combine large-scale pig-raising with biogas slurry facility utilization,to form a closed cycle green agriculture model without wastewater emission.Therefore,the study on the physiological response and growth characteristics of plants in biogas slurry hydroponic environment is helpful to explore the mechanism of plant stress-resistant physiological response and helpful to guide hydroponic production practice.Firstly,the environmental stress and physiological response of aquatic plants,such as rice(Oryza sativa),cress(Oenanthe javanica),water cress(Nasturtium officinale)and terrestrial plants,such as Gynura divaricata,Sedum aizoon,strawberry(Fragaria ananassa)and celery(Apium graveolens),cultivated with different source and dilution multiple of biogas slurry were studied.The results showed that the optimum dilution multiples of biogas slurry was the same when different plants,such as cress and watercress,or cress and celery,were cultured with the same kind of biogas slurry.But the optimum dilution ratio was different when the same plant,such as cress,was cultured with different kinds of biogas slurry.The optimum dilution multiples of biogas slurry from three pig farms were 45,20 and 30 times,respectively.The conductivity of the diluted slurry with optimum dilution multiples ranged from 0.54 to 0.61 ms/cm,the total nitrogen content ranged from 17.9 to 28.9 mg/L,the total phosphorus content ranged from 0.62 to 4.5 mg/L,and the total potassium content ranged from 17.8 to 26.7 mg/L.The optimum dilution multiple is the result of the plants,self-balance and selection to various advantages and disadvantages factors existed in the diluted biogas slurry.Under the optimum dilution multiple,aquatic and terrestrial plants show strong physiological adaptability and can survive and grow well.Rice has a whole growth cycle,it can bloom and produce rice;cress and watercress can also grow,bloom,produce seeds;strawberry can bloom and bear fruit;Gynura divaricata,Sedum aizoon.and celery have good biological growth.The nutrients of the biogas slurry diluted in optimum multiples can basically meet the needs of plants above-mentioned.However,growing in all kinds of different dilution of biogas slurry,all plant are subject to certain degree of environmental stress,knowing that from the change of the plants’ biomass indicators,physiological indicators and morphological indicators.For example,the yield and quality of rice and strawberry were significantly different from CK,and the growth of each plant was also significantly lower than CK;Strawberry bloom and bear fruit earlier than that cultivated in soil,possibly due to impacts of the stress.Secondly,the inhibition factor existed in biogas slurry and dilute slurry were analyzed.On this analysis,a special adding formula for biogas slurry to plants is proposed.The principle is that the biogas slurry is diluted to the optimum multiple,and its element’s content is compared with the plant nutrient solution formula.The missing element concentration is converted into the corresponding compound concentration to form an operable biogas slurry additive formula.The results showed that comparing with the common nutrient solution group,the indexes of the cress cultivated in the biogas slurry additive formula changed significantly:the fresh weight increasing rate,fresh weight ratio,netphotosynthetic rate,transpiration rate,chlorophyll,root enzyme activity,soluble sugar,soluble protein and vitamin C were increased.But the nitrate content and intercellular CO2 were decreased.There was no significant difference on the index of plant height,leaf area,root length,root surface area,total root number and stomatal conductance.The growth and quality of the cress have been greatly improved.The growth and quality indexes were also much better than those of cress cultivated in soil.The biogas slurry addictive formulation is effective in improving the quality and physiological indexes of cress.The research results can provide a theoretical reference for the new way of utilizing biogas slurry.更多还原