【作者】 张健；

【导师】 李宜彬；

【作者基本信息】 哈尔滨工业大学 ， 材料学， 2017， 博士

【摘要】 铁磁非晶丝作为一种传统的功能纤维材料,从发现之初就受到了广泛的关注,基于铁磁非晶丝的各种磁性传感器已经大量应用于工程领域,铁磁非晶丝本身具备优异的力学性能,其弹性模量和拉伸强度都很高,较大角度的弯曲变形也不会使其发生断裂,具备良好的柔顺性。除了优异的力学性能外,铁磁非晶丝还具有各种优异的传感功能,例如GMI巨磁阻抗效应(Giant Magneto-Impedance),GSI巨应力阻抗效应(Giant Stress Impedance),巴克豪森跳变效应(Barkhausen effect)等可以作为传感器传感原理的换能效应。虽然铁磁非晶丝具备各种优异的传感性能,但是在实际应用的过程中,基本都聚焦于其电磁性能的应用而忽略其优异的力学性能,所以使得铁磁非晶丝的应用领域受到了局限,其作为纤维状的功能性纤维,可以利用缠绕,铺设等工艺与各种材料进行复合,制备出可以监测材料应变的功能结构一体化材料。基于充分利用铁磁非晶丝纤维几何形状,优异力学性能,传感性能的出发点,设计并制备了可用于材料应变检测的非晶丝阵列和纤维型应变传感器;可用于流速检测的气体流速传感器;可用于机器人领域压力检测的仿生人工汗毛皮肤传感器。首先,基于铁基非晶丝的自然铁磁谐振效应(Nature Ferro-Magnetic Resonance),制备了碳纤维复合材料为底板的铁磁非晶丝阵列表面,通过理论计算得出铁磁非晶丝本身饱和磁导率、旋磁比、各向异性磁场等材料参数对于碳纤维复合材料反射系数及吸收频率的影响,并分析了阵列几何参数对于吸收强度的影响,优化设计并选择合适直径的铁基非晶丝。完成理论分析计算之后,自行搭建了用于铁磁非晶丝阵列制备的微型缠绕机,缠绕制备了密度均匀可控的铁磁非晶丝阵列,在碳纤维复合材料表面制备了具备不同阵列密度的铁磁非晶丝阵列。铁磁非晶丝与环氧树脂之间的界面结合强度对于阵列的受力情况有很大影响,所以对铁磁非晶丝的表面形貌进行了原子力显微镜分析,发现由于铁磁非晶丝外包覆玻璃层的存在,使得铁磁非晶丝的表面很光滑,与环氧树脂之间的机械啮合作用很弱,通过对环氧树脂与非晶丝之间界面剪切强度(IFSS)的测量也验证了这一点,由于非晶丝表面的玻璃层中富含Si O2,使用硅烷偶联剂可以加强环氧树脂和非晶丝之间的结合强度,表面处理之后的非晶丝与环氧树脂的界面结合强度可以满足传感的需求。最后,制备完成的碳纤维试样在矢量网络分析仪的测试下,其反射系数S11随着外加应力的增加发生与理论预测一样的改变,证明了铁磁非晶丝可以应用于碳纤维复合材料应变的测量。基于钴基非晶丝的马特基效应(Matteucci effect),设计制备了纤维型的应变传感器,其基本结构是由钴基非晶丝和规则缠绕在其表面的漆包线圈组成,在线圈形成的交变磁场的作用下,钴基非晶丝内部会产生感应电流,感应电流的幅值在外加拉力的作用下会减小,这是由于环向磁畴在外加拉力的作用下向着轴向取向,使得绕极化方向振动的磁矢量减少,从而导致感应电流的降低。将纤维型的应变传感器固定在复合材料表面,进行拉伸试验测定传感器的感应功能,试验结果表明基于钴基非晶丝的纤维型应变传感器具备良好的应变感应性能,可以作为检测材料拉伸过程中形变过程的应变传感器。基于钴基非晶丝的巴克豪森效应(Barkhausen Effect)和磁感应效应(Magnetic Induction),设计制备了基于钴基非晶丝阵列的气体流速传感器,其基本结构是由钴基非晶丝阵列和激发-检测线圈组成,钴基非晶丝在交流磁场的激励下,其内部会产生稳定和尖锐的脉冲电压,这种脉冲电压会产生一个交变磁场,激发端铁磁非晶丝阵列的磁场会将检测端铁磁非晶丝阵列激发,这样检测线圈中就会产生一个稳定的感应信号,这个感应信号在气体流速的作用下会产生幅值的降低,所以通过铁磁非晶丝阵列在气体流速作用下产生的幅值降低就可以实现气体流速信号的检测。试验测试结果也表明,基于钴基非晶丝阵列的气体流速传感器具备良好的传感性能,其测试范围为0.05m/s至6.5m/s,信号灵敏度为0.143(m/s)-1,可重复性能良好。最后,在钴基非晶丝纤维型应变传感器和气体流速传感器的基础上,设计并制备了仿造人体皮肤结构的仿生压力传感器,传感器的感应单元分为两部分,第一部分为暴露在传感器表面模拟人体汗毛的铁磁非晶丝阵列,主要负责微小压力的检测;第二部分为埋在传感器内部模拟人体皮肤的铁磁非晶丝阵列,主要负责较大压力的检测。利用铁磁非晶丝阵列在不同频率交流磁场下不同的极化状态,利用双频率进行双通道实时检测,低频率采用20k Hz,高频率采用1MHz。设计出的传感器具备很多优异的传感性能,具备超宽的量程范围(0.1m N至25N),超高的信号灵敏度(6.9N-1),可感应一定流速的气体,优异的耐磨损性(汗毛损坏或皮肤刺破仍具备感应功能),优异的耐用性(1万次循环仍然能保持性能稳定),可估测材料软硬,可以估计材料电磁性能(区分磁性材料,导体材料,绝缘材料)。本文充分利用了铁磁非晶丝优异的力学性能和电磁性能,设计并制备出各种类型的传感器,大大拓展了铁磁非晶丝的应用领域,使得铁磁非晶丝在高端机器人领域也有潜在的应用前景。更多还原

【Abstract】 As the traditional functional fiber material,the ferromagnetic microwires is highly concerned when it had been manufactured for the first time.Many magentic field sensor based on ferromagnetic microwires have been widely used in engneering area.Ferromagnetic microwires exhibit outstanding mechnical property with high tensile modulus and strength,excellent flexiblity make it can not be broken even under large bending deformation.Besides the outstanding mechanical property,ferromagnetic microwires have various sensing function,such as GMI(Giant Magneto-Impedance),GSI(Giant Stress Impedance)and Barkhausen effect which can be utilized as transducing mechanism for different sensors.Althrough ferromagentic microwires have many outstanding sensing property,its application mainly focus on magnetic and electric property and neglect the excellent mechanical property which may constrain the application area of the ferromagnetic microwires.As fiber shape functional material,ferromagnetic microwires can be integrate with composite material by winding and laying technology to measure material strain,result in functional structure integration.This article adequately utilized fiber shape,excellent mechanical property and sensing performance of the ferromagnetic microwires,design and manufacture meta-material surface to measure CFRP strain,fiber shape strain sensor to measure material strain,gas flow sensor to measure air-flow velocity and artificial hairy skin tactile sensor to measure pressure in robot hand field.Firstly,we design and manufacture ferromagentic mcirowires meta-material surface array on carbon fiber reinforced plastic surface based on Nature Ferro-Magnetic Resonance phenomenon of the Fe-rich amorphous microwires.Through theoretical mathematics,we obtain saturated permeability,gyromagnetic ratio and anisotropic magnetiostatic field effect to carbon fiber reinforced plastic reflection coefficient and reflection frequency.We analyze the Fe-rich amorphous microwires array geometry structure parameter effect to reflection absorption amplitude and optimization design the array density and diameter of the Fe-rich magnetic microwires.To manufacture regular Fe-rich amorphous microwires array,a miniature home-made winding machine is designed and constructed to prepare uniformly controlable density ferromagentic microwires array.Different density ferromagetic microwires array were integated into the surface of the carbon fiber reinforecd plastic to develop meta-material surface.The interfacial shear stress between Fe-rich microwires and epoxy resin have crucial influence to force conditions of the microwires array,so AFM(Atomic Force Microscope)was used to observe surface topography of the microwire and find the smooth surface because of the glass-cover in the microwire surface.The smooth surface means that the mechanical occlusion effect between the epoxy resin and the ferromagnetic microwire is very weak which has been demonstrated by the Interfacial Sheay Stress experiment.The glass-cover on the ferromagnetic microwire surface is rich in Si O2 and the silane coupling agent may enhance the adhesion force between the epoxy resin and the microwire.After surface treatment,the Interfacial Sheay Stress between the epoxy and the ferromagnetic microwires meets the demands for force sensing application.Finally,meta-material surface based on Fe-rich ferromagnetic microwires and carbon fiber reinforced plastic was tested by the vector network analyzer.The S11 parameter of the meta-material surface responses to the applied stress increase as the theoretical prediction.The experiment result proved that the meta-material surface may be applied in the carbon reinforced plastic strain measurement.Based on Matteucci effect of the Co-rich ferromagnetic microwires,we design and manufacture fiber shape strain sensor based on Co-rich microwires and varnished wires twining on it.Under the alternating current magnetic field generated by varnished wires coils,the induced current would be developed in the Co-rich.The amplitude of the induced current would reduce with the applied tensile force,the reason is that the circumferential domain of the ferromagnetic would orientate along axial direction under the applied tensile force and reduce the vibrating domain around the direction of polarization.The fiber shape strain sensor was fixed on the surface of the composite and the tensile experiment was utilized to test the strain sensor performance.The experiment result shows that the fiber shape strain sensor based on Co-rich ferromagnetic microwires has excellent sensitivity and linearity which means the fiber shape strain sensor can measure material strain during the tensile process.Based on the Barkhausen effect and Magnetic Inducton effect of the Co-rich ferromagnetic microwires,we design and manufacture air flow sensor consist of the Co-rich ferromagnetic microwires array.The basic structure of the air-flow sensor is consist of Co-rich ferromagnetic microwires array and excitation-pickup coils.The Co-rich ferromagnetic microwires would generate stable and sharp induced voltage under alternating magnetic field excitation.The stable and sharp induced voltage generated a magnetic field which may induce the pick-up side ferromagnetic microwires array and can be detected by the pick-up coils.The sensor signal would reduce with the air-flow velocity because the microwires array would bend due to the air blow which decreased the induction effect between two microwires arrays.The experiment result also proved that the air-flow sensor based on Co-rich ferromagnetic microwires has excellent sensing performance.The sensing detection range is from 0.05m/s to 6.5m/s and the signal sensitivity is 0.143(m/s)-1.At last,we design and manufacture the bio-inspiration skin tactile sensor mimicing the human skin structure based on the fiber shape strain sensor and the air-flow sensor.The biomimic sensor is consist of by two parts,the first part is the ferromagnetic microwires exposured on the sensor surface which mimic the human fine hair;the second part is the ferromagneric microwires buried in the sensor which mimic the human skin.The first part is sensitive to tiny stimulus such as air-flow while the second part is sensitive to heavy weight such as contact force.Due to the different magnetization status of the Co-rich ferromagnetic microwires,two frequency were utilized to measure the force while the low frequency is 20 k Hz and the high frequency is 1MHz.The hairy skin tactile sensor has many excellent sensing functions: wide detection range(from 0.1m N to 25N),high signal sensitivity(6.9N-1),sensing air-flow velocity,outstanding abrasion resistance(maintain sensory function under hair abrasion and skin puncture),excellent durability(no sensory function degeneration under 10,000 cycles),estimate material hardness,estimate material electric and magnetic property(distinguish magnetic material,conductor material,insulation material).This article takes full advantage of the excellent mechnical and magnetic property,design and manufacture various type sensor which expand the application area of the ferromagnetic microwires.The hairy skin tactile sensor makes the ferromagnetic microwires find potential applications in smart robot field.更多还原