【作者】 张君贤；

【导师】 戴国斌；

【作者基本信息】 上海体育学院 ， 民族传统体育学， 2018， 博士

【摘要】 在国家“努力开发体育竞赛市场”(《关于加快发展体育产业的指导意见》)、“秉持客观、科学、礼敬的态度传承发展代表中华民族独特精神标识的优秀传统文化,从而汲取中国智慧、弘扬中国精神、传播中国价值”(《关于实施中华优秀传统文化传承发展工程的意见》)的政策导向下,如何基于“文化自觉”的立场认知中国武术竞赛历史独特的文化内涵和优秀经验,即成为当下极具理论和实践意义的探索性课题。基于此,本文从中国武术与“在祀在戎”的“国之大事”的关联性出发,运用历史学、文化学、社会学、体育学等多学科交叉综合论证的研究方法,分析“君与”“君不与”话语下古代射礼、角抵、武举等竞赛的历史实践,探讨其由参赛人员和技术体系等外显层、由竞赛规则和组织形式等制度层、由竞赛理念和精神象征等核心层所构成的文化系统,以实现对古代射礼、角抵、武举等武术竞赛历史、文化及存在意义的整体认知。1.从体育竞赛学的视角而言,因具备特定的参与群体(国君、权贵、民众等相关组织者和参与者)、物质条件(定制化的场地、设施、配套、布置和竞赛器材等)以及组织管理(官办高规格与民办自主化相结合的运营模式及其相应的竞赛规则)等竞赛要素,射礼、角抵、武举等武术竞赛成为古代体育竞赛的一项重要内容,并以其独特的竞赛形式在许多重要活动(国家外交、政治交际、军事训练、节庆娱乐、民俗活动等)中发挥了体育竞赛的文化特性。2.从文化现象来看,射礼、角抵、武举等武术竞赛文化不仅存在着“君与”和“君不与”的历史现象,而且也围绕人员、技术、规则、组织、理念、精神等方面形成了不同的竞赛文化。与“君”相关的古代武术赛事,表明古代武术竞赛并非脱离于国家的“自由”活动现象,也不是独立于社会的“自在”行为方式,更不是自立于民众的“自主”欢愉形式,而是以上至皇宫贵族、下至市井百姓所喜闻乐见的独特竞赛样态,在政治、经济、军事、文化、社会等方面展现了其与国家军事实力、国家形象等“国之大事”相关的文化特性。3.作为国之大事的武术竞赛,在其国家政权顶端,国君以“文化霸权”的“斗争”“协商”为形式,以竞赛为手段,通过事前从意识形态、思想、实践上赢得政策制定的“权力话语”,从事中对言行、举止上执行审查考核的“监视机制”,乃至事后从社会荣誉、物质奖赏(马克思?韦伯)等方面施行鞭策赏罚的“艺术效果”方式,达成了对权贵集团恩威并御的权力支配、张弛有度的权力调节以及封闭性共同体权力的整饬等政权管理、控制目的,切实履行了国家治理意义上的顶层政治权力的管控。而在国家治理的政权终端,射礼、角抵、武举等竞赛形成了以射义儒家化、伦理仪式化、礼制符号化的乡射礼竞赛,以塑造国家、社会繁荣富强形象的角抵竞赛,乃至以展现国家“唯才是举、任人唯贤”的公平竞争精神的地方武举“比试”竞赛等为形式,运用以激励式号召的动员和目标转换的交换为主,以政策权威的强制为辅的“社会控制”手段,实现了“推行礼治制度、强化国家认同、柔化社会结构、调节民众情绪”等地方管理、控制目的,切实推行了社会治理意义上的基层与地方治理。4.国家的富强、社会的繁荣和体育强国梦决定了“关乎千秋”的射礼、角抵、武举等古代武术竞赛先是在顶层政权管控(控制权支配、部署),继之在国家外交(彰显国威、傲视四夷),最后在社会发展(宣扬国富、点缀升平)等多维层面,不论是“君与”的举国体制,“君不与”的“国家在场”所塑造的庄重、奢华、权威,还是地方、社会、民间自主所传达的严苛、繁盛、规范,展现了其高于武术竞赛所肩负的国家治理、国家发展、社会治理、民众管理等“国家缺席在场”下的宏伟政治使命与社会责任。总之,与国之大事相关的古代武术竞赛,因“君与”而与国家治理直接相关,因“君不与”的缺席在场、地方治理而与国家治理间接相关。与国家治理直接、间接相关的古代武术赛事,也使武术、体育成为近代中国“国民身体改造”的手段,成为新中国体育的政治使命,成为当下健康中国和中华优秀传统文化传承工程的组成部分。更多还原

【Abstract】 Under the guidance about "efforts to develop sports competition market" and "adhering to the objective,scientific and courteous attitude of inheriting the excellent traditional culture that represents the unique spirit of the Chinese nation,we should learn from the wisdom of China,carry forward the spirit of China and spread the value of China" of the state policy,how to based on "cultural awareness" and recognize the valuable experience of the history and culture of the Chinese Wushu competition has become an exploration topic with great theoretical and practical significance.Based on this,this article starts with the relevance of the “great events of the Chinese Wushu”,by means of interdisciplinary integration of history,culture,sociology and sports science,demonstration research methods,to analyze the historical practice of the Wushu competitions such as archery rituals,Jue-di,Wu-ju in the discourse of "Jun yu" and "Jun Bu yu",explore its race outside the race that is participating personnel and technical system,the level of competition system that is the rules and forms of competition,the core level of the competition that is the concept of competition and spiritual symbol of the contest culture,in order to achieve the ancient archery rituals,Jue-di,Wu-ju and other Wushu competitions history and culture as a whole cognition.1.From the perspective of sports competition science,due to the fact that there are competition elements such as specific participating groups(such as monarchs,dignitaries,people and other related organizers and participants),material conditions(customized venues,facilities,facilities,arrangements and competition equipment)and organizational management(Government-run high-standard and private-owned combination of operating mode and its corresponding competition rules),the Wushu competitions such as archery rituals,Jue-di,Wu-ju have become an important part of ancient sports competitions and have used their unique form of competition to play sports competitions of cultural characteristicsin many important activities(diplomacy,political communication,military training,festivals,entertainment and folk activities).2.From the cultural point of view,the "Jun yu" to "Jun Bu yu" history of the development process of archery rituals,Jue-di,Wu-ju and other martial arts competition,and the culture of competition around personnel,technology,rules,organization,philosophy and spirit,shows that the ancient Wushu competition is not a phenomenon of "freedom" from the state,nor a product of "free" action independent of the society,nor is it "independent" form of joy independent of the people,it is a unique contest style that is popular with the aristocracy of the imperial court and popular with the ordinary people in cities and shows its cultural characteristics of "major events in the country" closely related to the "Monarch" in politics,economy,military affairs,culture and society,and demonstrated its originality and identity traits such as "nationality" respected by the state,designated and legally existed,recognized by the elite and elites,and collectively recognized by the people under state rule.3.At the top of the state power,monarch to "struggle" and "consultation" of "cultural hegemony" in the form of competition as a means,by means of "power discourse" that won from the ideology,ideology and practice in policy formulation,from the words and deeds,the conduct of censorship examination "monitoring mechanism" and from the social honor,material reward aspects of the "artistic effect",to reached the purpose of the administration of power over the powers and powers of the powerful and powerful group Nvwei and imperial power,the relaxation of a moderate power adjustment and the rectification of power of a closed community,dffectively implemented the governance of the top political power in the sense of state governance.At the terminal of state power,the martial arts competition ormed in three forms like the shires-archery rituals contest of ritualistic Confucianization,ethical ritualization,and ceremonial symbolic,the civil Jue-di competition of Shaping the country,social prosperity and strong image and the Wu-ju competition of Show the spirit of fair competition in the country,use of motivational call mobilization and the conversion of the target-oriented,supplemented by the policy authority,supplemented by "social control" means,to implementation the system of courtesy,strengthening of national identity,softening the social structure,regulating public sentiment and other local management and control purposes,have effectively implemented the local governance of grassroots social masses in the sense of social governance.4.The prosperity of the country,the prosperity of society and the dream of sports power have determined the ancient archery rituals,Jue-di,Wu-ju and other Wushu competitions,first at the top level of government control,and then in the country’s diplomacy,and finally in the social development and other multidimensional level,whether it is the national system,dignified,luxurious,authoritative,or local,social,civilized,reflecting the harsh,prosperous,standardized,it shows that it is higher than the grand political mission and social responsibility such as national governance,national development,social governance,and public management that the Wushu competitions and sports competitions take on.In short,ancient martial arts competitions related to major events in the country,it directly related to the governance of the country due to "Jun yu",and because of the absence of the "Jun Bu yu" and the absence of local governance,it is indirectly related to the governance of the country.Ancient martial arts events directly and indirectly related to the governance of the country,making Wushu and sports become the means of "modern body reform" in modern China,making Wushu become the political mission of new China sports,and has become part of the project of the successful traditional Chinese culture and heritage of traditional Chinese culture.更多还原