【作者】 段绍光；

【导师】 屈冬玉；

【作者基本信息】 中国农业科学院 ， 蔬菜学， 2017， 博士

【摘要】 随着我国与国外合作的日益深入,我国的马铃薯种质资源数量和种类得到了很大的改善。中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所保存了大量的马铃薯材料,基本可以代表我国整体的马铃薯种质资源组成。本研究利用保存的包括国内育成品种以及从欧洲、北美和CIP等地区和国际研究机构引进的600余份材料,从系谱分析、细胞质分型、表型性状聚类、遗传多样性分析、配合力和遗传力分析等方面进行系统的研究,以期为我国马铃薯种质资源的利用、育种亲本的选配和拓宽我国马铃薯育成品种遗传基础提供参考。本论文获得的主要结果如下:1.分析了我国马铃薯审定品种的遗传基础。截至2012年,我国共审定436个马铃薯品种,其中自行选育的379个品种共涉及亲本423个,累计使用724次,按来源分为国内品种、国内品系、地方品种、新型栽培种、北美资源、欧洲资源、CIP资源和其他共8类,相应的核质遗传贡献分别为97.5、107、10.5、16、27.5、71、33和16.5,从中可以看出国内品种和国内品系一直是贡献最大的类型,而农家品种主要以母本为主,外来资源如新型栽培种、欧洲资源和北美资源更多以父本为主。育成品种系谱分析和血缘组成系统分析表明,疫不加、竹板、工业、兰芽和早玫瑰可以称为第一代亲本,男爵、胜利、燕子、白头翁、米拉、多子白、卡它丁和小叶子可以归为第二代亲本。2.采用多重引物系统对我国保存的608份马铃薯材料进行了细胞质分型。T、D、P、A、M和W型细胞质占我国马铃薯种质资源的数量和比例分别为303（49.8%）、243（40%）、2（0.3%）、15（2.5%）、6（1%）和39（6.4%）,未发现6种类型以外的其他细胞质类型。3.选用16个田间表型性状,对454份马铃薯材料进行了UPGMA聚类分析。在欧式距离14.66处参试的所有材料可以被聚成两个类群A₁和A。在欧式距离12.74处类群A₁又可以被分为两个亚群A₁₁和A₁₂。在欧式距离11.73处全部参试材料可以被聚成9个类群,包括四个小类（A、B、C和H）和五个大类（D、E、F、G和I）,其中类群I所包括的材料占总数的57.5%。4.筛选获得了36对分布于马铃薯12条染色体上、多态性高、可用于遗传多样性分析的SSR引物,构建了559份材料的系统进化树。利用8份来源广泛、具有遗传背景代表性的材料从332对引物中筛选出36对谱带清晰、多态性较高、容易统计的引物,对559份马铃薯材料总共扩增出134个多态性位点,36对引物扩增出的多态性位点数量在1⁷间变动,平均每个引物扩增多态性位点为3.72个。36对引物多态性信息量（PIC）的浮动范围为0.1545⁰.7743,平均值为0.5783。采用PowerMarker V3.25构建NJ系统进化树,供试559份材料总体可以分为3个大的类群（类群1、类群2和类群3）。类群1是一个混合群,各地区品种均有分布,包括133份马铃薯材料,占总数的23.8%;类群2中欧洲、北美以及我国东北和西北地区的材料所占比重大,该类群包括的材料数量为187,所占比例为33.5%;类群3中北美、南美以及我国东北和西南地区马铃薯材料所占比重大,其包含的239份材料占供试559份材料的42.8%。5.对8个马铃薯加工和早熟亲本进行了配合力分析。大西洋和GT12867-02在单株结薯数上具有较强的负向GCA效应,大西洋两年的效应值分别为-9.89和-15.43,GT12867-02在2010年的效应值为-9.11;大西洋和Lenape在干物质含量上具有较强的正向GCA效应,其中大西洋2009年的相对效应值为4.50;大西洋、GT12867-02和Lenape在炸片颜色上具有较强的正向GCA效应,大西洋两年的相对效应值分别为11.90和12.45,GT12867-02和Lenape在2009年的效应值分别为5.02和4.75。6.对马铃薯加工品质和重要农艺性状进行了遗传力的估算和分析。单株产量、干物质含量、单薯重、单株结薯数和炸片颜色两年的所有广义遗传力均大于62%,说明这5个性状受遗传因素影响较大。炸片颜色两年的狭义遗传力均大于50%,说明该性状主要由基因的加性效应决定,不易受环境影响,亲本所具备的炸片品质能够稳定有效地传递给分离后代,可以对该性状进行早世代的选择。单株产量和单薯重两年的狭义遗传力均小于40%,说明这两个性状易受环境条件的影响,应该进行高世代选择。更多还原

【Abstract】 Along with the frequent cooperations with other countries,the condition for China’s potato germplasm has been greatly improved.Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences conserve possession of huge diversity of potato materials,which reflects of the structure and composition of potato germplasm nationwide.In this study,we did pedigree analysis,cytoplasm genotyping,phenotype trait clustering,genetic diversity analysis by SSR,combining ability and heritability analysis,using approximate 600 potato accessions including cultivars bred inland and materials introduced from Europe,North America,International Potato Center（CIP）et al.The results achieved pave the way for researches working on germplasm use,parent selection,enriching parent resources and broadening the hereditary basis of potato cultivars in China.The main conclusions are summarized as follows:1.The hereditary basis of approved potato cultivars in China was analysed.By 2012,there were436 potato cultivars have been authorized.It was found that there were 423 parents involved in the breeding progress of 379 cultivars.In total,the 423 parents were utilized for 724 times and can be classified into 8 groups:cultivars inland,breeding lines inland,indigenous breeds,Neo-tuberosum,materials introduced from North America,Europe,CIP and others.Their corresponding nuclear and cytoplasmic germplasm genetic contribution from these eight groups was 97.5,107,10.5,16,27.5,71,33 and 16.5,respectively.The results indicatie that the cultivars and breeding lines inland always play the major role.Indigenous breeds are mainly used as female.Neo-tuberosum&materials introduced from Europe,North America et al are more frequently used as male.Based on the pedigree data and consanguinity composition analysis,potato cultivars Epoka,Jubel,Industrie,Bintje and Early Rose were classified into parents generation 1（G1）while Irish Cobbler,Triumph,Schwalbe,Anemone,Mira,292-20,Katahdin and B76-16 the parents generation 2（G2）.2.Using multiplex marker system developed by Hosaka,the cytoplasm of 608 potato accessions tested were grouped into T-,D-,P-,A-,M-and W-type,with the respective quantity and ratio being 303（49.8%）,243（40%）,2（0.3%）,15（2.5%）,6（1%）and 39（6.4%）.No additional new types were detected.3.Based on sixteen phenotype traits,UPGMA clustering analysis was performed using 454potato accessions.It showed that all accessions can be grouped into two clusters A₁ and A at the Euclidean distance of 14.66.The cluster A₁ can be further grouped into two subclusters A₁₁1 and A₁₂ at the Euclidean distance of 12.74.In total,all the accessions can be grouped into 9 clusters,including four small ones（A,B,C and H）and five big ones（D,E,F,G and I）.And the cluster I was the biggest one,accounting for 57.5%of all the accessions.4.Thiry-six of 332 pairs of SSR primers were screened out,which covered all the 12chromosomes of potato.In total,244 polymorphic alleles were amplified in the 559 accessions with the36 pairs of primers.Polymorphic alleles were amplified by each pair of primer ranged from 1（STM1049 and SSR15406）to 7（PM0890）,with a mean of 3.72.The fragment sizes amplified varied from 106bp to 308bp.The polymorphic information content values（PIC）spread from 0.1545（SSR15406）to 0.7743（PM0890）,with a mean of 0.5783.With primers of higher PIC value,more polymorphic alleles were amplified and vice versa.Based on the Neighbor-Joining tree constructed with software PowerMarker V3.25,all the 559 accessions tested were clusterd into 3 general groups（Group1,Group 2 and Group 3）.Group 1 is a mixed one,containing 133（23.8%）materials from almost all the regions.Group 2 is one mostly gathered by accessions from Europe,North America,Northeast and Northwest regions in China.There were 187 materials including in this group,accounting for 33.5%of all.Group 3 held 239 out of 559 accessions（42.8%）,mainly focus on North America,South America,Northeast and Southwest regions in China.These three groups could be further divided into small group:Group 11 and Group 12;Group21,Group22 and Group23;Group31,Group32 and Group33,respectively.5.Combining ability analysis was performed for the eight potato cultivars/breeding lines used for processing or early-maturing growing according to incomplete diallel cross.The result indicated that Atalantic and GT12867-02 was low in GCA for tuber set.The relative effect of the GCA was-9.89 and-15.43 for Atlantic,-9.11 for GT12867-02 in 2010.Atalantic and Lenape was high in GCA for dry matter.For Atalantic,the relative effect was 4.50 in 2009,Atalantic,GT12867-02 and Lenape was high in GCA for chipping color and the corresponding relative effect was 11.90 and 12.45 for Atalantic,5.02and 4.75,for GT12867-02 and Lenape in 2009,respectively.6.Heritability was estimated and analysed for chipping qualities and important agronomic characters.The results showed that broad heritabilities were above 62%for tuber yield,dry matter,tuber size,tuber set and chipping color,indicating that these five characters were determined by genetic factors to a great extent.The narrow sense heritabilities of chipping color were both above 50%in two years,indicating that the additive effect plays the major role and is tolerant to surroundings.So it is feasible to select lines with good chipping color quality in earlier generations.Meanwhile,the heritability in the narrow sense of tuber yield and tuber size were relatively low,so the selection should be conducted in higher generation.更多还原