【作者】 谭千保；

【导师】 钟毅平；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 基础心理学， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 自我与他人的交互中,自我不断将他人纳入自我概念中,导致自我—他人重叠度的不断增强。自我—他人重叠不仅是自我与他人两者关系的评价指标,也是理解双方信息加工的重要依据和共情的关键因素。本论文以自我与他人的实际重叠为切入点,考察自我—他人重叠对情绪事件加工的作用。预备研究以日常生活经验为依据,编制长度相等的情绪事件短语,要求被试对情绪事件的愉悦度、唤醒度、优势度、熟悉度和发生频率等进行评定,结果发现:同一维度上的评价分数一致性较高;情绪事件的愉悦度与唤醒度的评定得分呈U型分布,而愉悦度与优势度的评定得分呈直线分布;情绪事件的熟悉度与发生频率存在高度的相关性。研究一(实验1)以唤醒度相同的正性与负性事件为实验材料,以自我名字、密友名字和熟人名字为启动材料,考察自我—他人重叠对不同类型情绪事件加工的影响,结果发现:正性事件判别反应显著快于负性事件判别反应,在正性事件上,判别反应时存在显著的启动对象主效应,相比熟人启动,自我启动条和密友启动条件下被试对正性事件判别更快;在负性事件上,判别反应时没有显著的启动对象主效应。熟人启动条件下情绪事件诱发的P2波幅大于自我启动、密友启动条件下情绪事件诱发的P2波幅;负性事件比正性事件诱发了更大的N400波幅,而且相对熟人启动,自我启动和密友启动下的情绪事件诱发了更大的N400波幅。这说明,自我—他人重叠在一定程度上影响正性/负性情绪事件的加工,但实验1没有考察情绪事件的效价强度。研究二包括2个实验,采用实验1中的范式,以不同效价强度的正性事件和不同效价强度的负性事件为实验材料,考察自我—他人重叠对不同效价强度情绪事件加工的影响。实验2结果发现:自我启动和密友启动条件下的情绪事件判别反应均快于熟人启动条件下的情绪事件判别反应,主要体现在高度正性和中度正性事件上,且正性事件效价强度越大,判别反应越快。P2平均波幅只存在启动对象主效应显著,N400平均波幅不仅存在启动类型主效应显著,而且效价强度的主效应也显著,自我启动、密友条件下情绪事件诱发的N400波幅都大于熟人启动条件下情绪事件诱发的N400波幅,相比高度正性情绪事件,中度正性事件和中性事件诱发了更大的N400波幅。实验3结果发现:情绪事件效价强度主效应显著,相比高度负性事件,被试对中度负性事件和中性事件反应更慢。P2平均波幅存在显著的启动类型主效应和效价强度主效应,熟人启动条件情绪事件诱发的P2波幅大于自我启动条件下情绪事件诱发的P2波幅,高度负性事件诱发的P2波幅显著大于中性事件诱发的P2波幅。N400平均波幅启动类型主效应和效价强度主效应都显著,自我启动条件下情绪事件诱发的N400波幅大于密友、熟人启动条件下情绪事件诱发的N400波幅;相比高度负性情绪事件,中度负性事件和中性事件诱发了更大的N400波幅。这表明正性事件与负性事件强度越高,反应时越快,N400波幅明显受到了情绪效价及其强度的影响,同时自我—他人重叠对情绪事件加工的影响不关乎情绪事件本身的效价强度。研究一和研究二都是在无威胁的情境中,考察被试自我—他人重叠对情绪事件加工的影响。研究三包括2个实验,采用威胁他人启动范式,考察在相同的威胁信息情境下,自我—他人重叠对自我相关情绪事件加工的影响。实验4结果发现:在母亲和熟人概念威胁下,效价的主效应不显著,但在无威胁下,反应时的效价主效应边缘显著,正性事件判别反应时小于中性事件判别反应时。P2平均波幅的效价主效应显著,相比中性事件,负性事件诱发了更大的P2波幅。N400平均波幅的威胁程度和效价的主效应均显著,相比母亲概念威胁,在熟人概念威胁和无威胁信息条件下,自我相关情绪事件诱发的N400波幅更小;相比中性事件,正性事件诱发了更小的N400波幅。实验5结果发现:反应时威胁程度和效价的主效应都显著,进一步分析显示,相比无威胁信息,母亲概念威胁条件下自我相关情绪事件的判别反应时更长,负性事件比中性事件判别时间长。P2平均波幅的效价主效应显著,相比中性事件,负性事件诱发了更大的P2波幅。N400平均波幅威胁程度、效价的主效应显著,进一步分析发现,相比无威胁信息情境,母亲概念威胁下自我相关情绪事件诱发的N400波幅最大,中性事件比负性事件诱发了更大的N400波幅。在负性事件上,威胁程度的主效应显著,母亲概念威胁下负性事件诱发的N400波幅显著地大于熟人概念威胁和无威胁下负性事件诱发的N400波幅。这些说明,在相同的威胁信息情境下,相比低重叠对象,高重叠对象会抑制自我相关情绪事件的加工。基于以上研究及其分析,本论文得到如下结论:(1)情绪事件的愉悦度与唤醒度的评定得分呈U型分布,而愉悦度与优势度的评定得分呈直线分布,这些与正、负和中性情绪的固有特征基本吻合。这些生活事件可以作为诱发情绪的实验刺激材料,且具有一定社会意义。(2)效价及其强度对情绪事件加工具有重要的作用。个体对正性事件的反应时快于负性事件,而且正性与负性事件强度越高,反应时越快,反映语义整合的N400波幅受到了情绪效价及其强度的影响。(3)自我一他人重叠影响情绪事件的加工,启动对象与自我重叠越高,个体对其后的正性事件反应时越短,且影响情绪事件的早期加工(P2波幅)和晚期加工(N400波幅)。个体对自我情绪事件和高度重叠他人情绪事件的语义整合存在相似的神经反应。(4)面对相同威胁信息,相比低重叠对象,高重叠对象启动下自我相关情绪事件诱发了更大的N400波幅,高度重叠他人的消极信息抑制了自我相关情绪事件的加工。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the interaction of self and others,people include other in the self unceasingly,making the degree of overlapping of self and others increased.The self-other overlap is not only the evaluating indicator of the relationship between self and other,but also the important evidence of understanding bilateral information processing and the key factor of empathy.In this paper,we regarded the actual overlap between self and other as the breakthrough point,and investigated the impact of the self-other overlap on emotion events processing.In the pilot study,we produced the emotion events phrases,which lengthens were the same,based on the daily life experiences.And participants were required to rate the pleasure,arousal,dominance,familiarity and the frequency of occurrence of these events.The results show that the consistency of the rating scores is high in the same dimension.The rating scores of the pleasure and arousal distribute as the "U",and which of the pleasure and dominance distribute as a straight line.And there is a high correlation between the familiarity and frequency of occurrence.Study1(experiment 1)utilized the positive and negative events in the same arousal as the experimental materials,and the names of self,close friend and the acquaintance as the priming materials.And the aim of this study is to investigate the influences of the self-other overlap on different types of emotion events.The results show that participants respond to positive events faster than negative events.In the positive events,there is a significant main effect of priming stimuli in judgment response times,specially,compared with priming materials of acquaintance’s name,participants respond faster to positive events in the condition of self and close friend priming.In the negative events,there is no main effect of priming stimuli in judgment response times.The amplitudes of P2 elicited by emotion events in the acquaintance priming condition are larger than which in the self and close friend priming condition.The amplitudes of N400 elicited by negative events are larger than which elicited by positive events.And compared with acquaintance priming,the amplitudes of N400 elicited by emotion events in the self and close priming condition are larger.The finding suggests that the self-other overlap has an influence on positive/negative emotion events processing to a certain extent,but in experiment 1,we didn’t consider the valence strength of the emotion events.The study 2 comprises 2 experiments,and we adopted the same paradigm as experiment 1,utilizing the positive and negative events of different valence strength as the experimental materials.The aim of this study is to investigate the influences of the self-other overlap on emotion events processing of different valence strength.The results of experiment 2 show that participants respond to emotion events in self and close friend priming condition faster than which in the acquaintance priming condition.Specially,in the highly and moderately positive events,the more intensive valence strength is,the faster judgment response is.There is only a significant main effect of priming stimuli in the mean amplitudes of P2,and there is not only a significant main effect of priming types,but also a significant main effect of valence strength in the mean amplitudes of N400.The amplitudes of N400 elicited by the emotion events in the self and close friend priming condition are larger than which in the acquaintance priming condition.Compared with highly positive emotion events,the amplitudes elicited by moderately positive and neutral events are larger.The results of experiment 3 show that there is a significant main effect of valence strength in emotion events.Compared with the highly negative events,participants’ responses to moderately negative and neutral events are slower.There are significant main effects of priming types and valence strength in the mean amplitudes of P2.The amplitudes of P2 elicited by the emotion events in the acquaintance priming condition are larger than which in the self-priming condition,and the amplitudes of P2 elicited by highly negative events are larger than which elicited by neutral events.There are significant main effects of priming types and valence strength in the mean amplitudes of N400.The amplitudes of N400 elicited by the emotion events in the self-priming condition are larger than which in the close friend and acquaintance priming condition.Compared with highly negative emotion events,the amplitudes of N400 elicited by moderately negative and neutral events are larger.It suggests that the more intensive valence strength of the negative and positive events is,the faster response times are.And the amplitudes of N400 are significantly influenced by emotion valence and its strength.Meanwhile,the self-other overlap’s impact on emotion events processing is regardless of the valence strength of emotion events.We investigate the influence of the self-other overlap on emotion processing in the non-threat situations in study 1 and study 2.The study 3 comprises 2 experiments,adopting the other-concept threat paradigm.The aim of this study is to investigate the influences of the-self-other overlap on self-related emotion events in the situation of threat information.The results of experiment 4 suggest that in the situation of mother-concept threat and acquaintance-concept threat,there is no significant main effect of valence.However,in the situation of non-threat,there is a marginally significant main effect of valence in response times.Participants respond to positive events faster than neutral events.There is a significant main effect of valence in the mean amplitude of P2,specially,compared with neutral events,negative events elicit larger amplitudes of P2.There are significant main effects of threat degree and valence in the mean amplitude of N400.Compared with the situation of mother-concept threat,in the condition of acquaintance-concept threat and non-threat,the self-related emotion events elicit smaller amplitudes of N400.Compared with neutral events,positive events elicit smaller amplitudes of N400.The results of experiment 5 show that there are significant main effects of threat degree and valence in response times.And the further analysis suggest that compared with the non-threat condition,participants response faster to self-related emotion events in the condition of mother-concept threat,and participants response slower to negative events than neutral events.There is a significant main effect of valence in the mean amplitudes of P2,and compared with neutral events,the negative events elicit larger amplitudes of P2.There are significant main effects of threat degree and valence in the mean amplitudes of N400.And the further analysis suggest that compared with the non-threat condition,the condition of mother-concept threat elicits the larger amplitudes of N400,and amplitudes of N400 elicited by neutral events are larger than which elicited by negative events.In negative events,there is a significant main effect of threat degree.In the negative events,there is a significant main effect of threat degree.And the amplitudes of N400 elicited by negative events in mother-threat condition are significantly larger than which elicited by the negative events in the acquaintance-concept threat and non-threat condition.These findings suggest that in the same threat information condition,compared with subjects of low overlap,the subjects of high overlap will suppress the processing of the self-related emotion events.In this paper,we summarize conclusions below based on these studies and analysis above.(1)The rating scores of the pleasure and arousal distribute as the "U",and which of the pleasure and dominance distribute as a straight line.The findings are consistent with the inherent features of positive,negative and neutral.These daily events can be regarded as the experimental materials to induce emotions,and they have social meanings.(2)The valence and its strength play important roles in processing emotion events.Individuals respond faster to positive events than negative events,and the more intensive the strength is,the faster the response times are.And the amplitudes of N400,which reflects the semantic integration,are influenced by the emotion valence and its strength.(3)The self-other overlap influences the processing of emotion events.When the overlap between priming subjects and self is high,individuals respond faster to subsequent positive events,and it will exert an influence on the early stage processing(amplitudes of P2)and late stage processing(amplitudes of N400)of emotion events.There is a similar neural response between the semantic integration of emotion events of self and subjects of high overlap.(4)In the same threat information condition,compared with subjects of low overlap,the self-related events in the subjects of high overlap condition elicit larger amplitudes of N400,and negative information of the subjects of high overlap will suppress the processing of the self-related emotion events.更多还原