【作者】 陈娟；

【导师】 陈文新；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 国学， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 本文从己未特科所连接的两极——康熙皇帝和文人征士两方面着手,以清史文献和清人笔记文集为主要依据,依次考察此次特科开设的背景、缘起、目的、作用,汉族文士如何面对此一历史事件,明清之际士人的心灵轨迹,《明史》纂修与士人角色转换之关联,以期对清初士人心态变迁有较为深入和准确的把握。全文分为正文和附录两大部分,正文部分一共四章,附录为主要鸿博征士自顺治元年(1644)至康熙二十八年(1689)的活动年表。第一章考察清初汉族士人的生存境遇。无论是位极人臣的汉族文士,还是跋涉于科举之路的普通士子,在己未特科之前的生存境遇都相当恶劣。顺治帝对汉族文士才华的欣赏与对汉族官员的不信任结合在一起,加之满汉矛盾、南北党争,导致以陈名夏、陈之遴等为代表的在朝士人或处极刑,或遭流放。顺治帝进而以整顿士风为由,发起科场案,奏销案,明史案,一连串针对汉族文人的整肃,导致大量士子身罹祸患,考官亦不能幸免。这种境遇在己未特科诏开之前,始终没有得到明显改善,朝野之间的对立状况极为严峻,严重影响到国家的长治久安。第二章考察康熙践祚之后对治道的探求。康熙曾致力于从法制、钱粮、诉讼、吏治等方面改善民生,但收效甚微。康熙从恢复经筵日讲开始逐步接受儒家思想的熏陶,形成了“法令禁于一时,而教化维可持久”、“长吏贤,清本源”、“厚风俗,正人心”、“正人心,必先明学术”、“君臣一德,内外一心”等治国理念,热心于以优礼、赏赐、宴请、切磋书法诗歌艺术等方式加强与汉族文士的交流。己未特科的诏开,正是康熙探求新的治国之道的一个举措,目的是广选举,抡人才,将常科之外的诗赋词章和经史学术之士引入朝廷,以便开展《明史》和其他大型文化工程的编纂,从而为其国家治理服务。第三章具体梳理己未特科考试始末、授官过程以及《明史》的纂修情况。明清易代之际,在出仕文人和跋涉科举之途的士人之外,还有相当一部分士人选择放弃科举,闭门读书,他们致力经史,讲学证道,坚守气节,关心世道人心,正是己未特科所要笼络的经史著作之才。在康熙帝的恩驭策略下,朝廷考前考后对待征士们礼遇有加,拒不赴试的气节之士亦是听之任之,一改顺治朝的肃杀之气。官修《明史》多年未成,私家著述屡禁不止,康熙帝委任鸿博们纂修《明史》,将私家著述纳入官方体系,至少在表面上达成了上下一体或说朝野和解通力合作的局面。其间争议不断的仍是靖难一事的书写、明清两朝断限、明亡之际忠义之士的表彰、隐逸之士的评价等敏感问题,朝野之间的内在分歧依然存在。第四章探讨征士们在诏开己未特科之际的不同心态。一百八十六名征士对待己未特科之态度,大致可分为七型：欢欣雀跃型、抗拒不从型、患得患失型、始拒后从型、进退皆道型、先从后辞型、失意不得志型。其中抗拒不从的遗民和榜上有名的布衣最为当世所注目,也是后世最为关注的对象,不少论者认为己未特科就是为这些遗民布衣而设。据笔者考察,布衣的心态在己未特科之前己悄然发生微妙变化,“千秋论述作,出处本同科”,以经史学术的讲求为媒介,遗民、布衣、贰臣、新贵之间的交游日渐频密,而寒士布衣的生计亦常依赖出仕文士的提携与帮助。例如朱彝尊,他少年时期坚守布衣之志,中年以后以“文章千古事”为人生追求,主动向诗坛主流和权贵主流靠拢,就显示了寒士对个人遇合的患得患失心理以及对致身清美、入侍禁近的渴望。随者时间的推移,顾炎武等人的遗民身份认同逐渐向学者身份认同倾斜,在学术上和清廷并不相左,所以他们对待征召与《明史》纂修的态度,前后截然不同。基于以上四章的论述,结语部分得出了不同于以往学者关于己未特科的结论。本文的看法是,己未特科的诏开,旨在以辞章学术为切入点,以文化认同和学术认同的方式,化解满汉矛盾和朝野对立的局面。己未特科前后,康熙表现出对书法、诗歌和经史学术这些汉族士大夫生活内容的强烈兴趣,这是他选择这种治国方略的一个重要原因。己未特科对于清代文学艺术的复兴和经史学术的繁荣,也具有显著的推动作用。可以说,己未特科是在改朝换代这一前提下,新朝在内在价值观方面向汉族文化精英靠拢以期达成和解,是以汉文化治汉人的一个行之有效的步骤。附录选取了康熙文坛较为重要的十一位人物,他们是黄宗羲、顾炎武、尤侗、施闰章、汪琬、陈维崧、汤斌、朱彝尊、彭孙通、徐釻、龙燮,按照人物年龄从大到小排列,将他们入清以后至康熙二十八年的主要政治活动、交游和文学创作,以年表的形式做了系统整理。笔者希望以这份年表为起点,在未来的几年里对“己未特科与康熙文坛”这一专题做更加细化的研究。更多还原

【Abstract】 This thesis examines the background, the origin, the aim and the function of the special examination in the Year of the 6th of the ten Heavenly Stems and the 8th of the twelve Earthly Branches. It also analyzes how the Chinese Han scholars react to this event, the spirit track of the Chinese Han scholars from Ming to Qing dynasty, and the association between the compiling of the History of the Ming Dynasty and the Chinese Han scholars’ identity convertion. It aims to explore the social transformation in the early years of the Qing dynasty. It is mainly based on the analysis of the bibliographies in Qing dynasty, from the perspective of Emperor Kangxi and the Chinese Han scholars.It includes two parts:the body part of four chapters and the appendix of the chronological table of the significant erudition and literature candidates’main activities from 1644 to 1689.The first chapter introduces the living circumstances of the Han Chinese scholars in early Qing dynasty. The living circumstances of both the recruited Han Chinese scholar-bureaucrats and the common scholars in the espacial examination are extremely poor. Emperor Shunzhi’s appreciation of Han Chinese scholars and distrust of the Chinese Han scholar-bureaucrats, the conflicts between Manchu and Han Chinese peoples, the strife between South Interests and North Interests make the situation worse. Many Chinese Han scholars even including the examiners suffer a lot, being killed or exiled, such as Chen Mingxia, Chen Zhilin. This serious situation influences the country’s long-term stability and development.Chapter Two focuses on how young Emperor Kangxi, after taking personal control of the empire, tries to govern the country. Kangxi Emperor gradually accepts Confucian values and develops his ideas of ruling country, for instance, the Confucian way of moral education, government ethics. He improves his communication with Chinese Han scholars by treating them with great honor, granting rewards, studying Chinese calligraphy etc. As one of the measures to govern the country, he nominates the special exam to be taken in the Year of the 6th of the ten Heavenly Stems and the 8th of the twelve Earthly Branches to choose the erudition and literature widely, encourage Confucian learning and compile the History of Ming Dynasty.Chapter Three analyzes the whole history of the special imperial examination in the Year of the 6th of the ten Heavenly Stems and the 8th of the twelve Earthly Branches, the official recruiting system, and how the History of Ming Dynasty is compiled. Between late Ming dynasty and early Qing dynasty, some scholars are being recruited or busy preparing for the exams. The rest out of loyalty to the Ming, refuse to take the exams, devote to studying the Confucian classics, sticking to their principles and caring public feelings. Contrary to Shunzhi government, Kangxi government treats all the examinees with great honor and let the rest drift. Emperor Kangxi sponsored the scholars compiling the History of Ming Dynasty, taking personal-compiled history into official system. At least the Kangxi government and the public seem to reach a compromise on surface, though there are still divergences over the understanding of sacrifice and loyalty etc.Chapter Four explores the different states of mind of the scholars reacting to this special imperial examination. The attitudes of 186 scholars toward the exam can be categorized into 7 types. They are ecstatic; rejecting; indecisive; indifferent; disappointed; first rejecting then compromising; first compromising then resigning. Among them the rejecting group of scholars becomes the focus. They are the Ming Dynasty’s descendants or the scholar-civilians. Their states of mind states change before the exam. The social intercourse among the Ming Dynasty’s descendants, the scholar-civilians, the betrayers, the rising officials becomes frequent, with their Confucian classics research and spreading. The poor scholar-civilians’ living is always helped by the scholar-bureaucrats. Their attitudes toward the exam are quite different before and after the exam with their recognition of identity, such as Zhu Yizun and Gu Yanwu.Based on the analysis of the above four chapters, a conclusion can safely be drawn that the special imperial examination in the Year of the 6th of the ten Heavenly Stems and the 8th of the twelve Earthly Branches aims to resolve conflicts between the Manchu and the Chinese Han by constructing cultural and academic identity from writing articles. Before and after the exam Emperor Kangxi expresses his interest in Chinese calligraphy, poems and Confucian classics which thought to be the Han Chinese scholars’life. That’s why he chooses the way to govern the Empire. This special imperial examination is significant to the development of Confucian classics, literature and art in Qing dynasty. It is effective in the new government’s compromise with the Chinese Han intelligentsia on their values.The appendix is the chronological table of the 11 important Chinese Han scholars’ activities from 1644 to 1689. They are Huang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu, You Dong, Shi Runzhang, Wang Wan, Chen Weisong, Zhu Yizun, Peng Sunyu, Xu Qiu, Long Xie. Their major political activities, social intercourse and literary creation are explored systematically. From the chronological table, the thesis of the special imperial examination in the Year of the 6th of the ten Heavenly Stems and the 8th of the twelve Earthly Branches and the literature world during the reign of Emperor kangxi can be discussed in detail.更多还原