【作者】 彭静；

【导师】 王焰新；

【作者基本信息】 中国地质大学 ， 环境科学与工程， 2018， 博士

【摘要】 城市废弃地是城市发展、工业生产建设中因使用不当或者规划变动产生的被遗弃或未加以利用的土地。近年来,城市废弃地问题引起广泛关注,特别是出现了大量的成因多样、污染方式多、场地规模大且结构复杂、土地利用不平衡、周边环境复杂的城市废弃地,其环境治理及改造成为当今城市可持续发展面临的重大问题。而且,随着城市废弃地改造目标的多元化趋向,传统的城市废弃地治理与改造方式,已不能满足生态文明建设和城市可持续发展的需求。本文提出了一种城市废弃地治理与改造的新型模式——城市废弃地生态修复与景观再造模式。该模式是从学科交叉的角度,针对目前已有的单一环境生态治理或先行环境修复、后行景观再造的两大“主流”模式之不足,从全生命周期的角度出发,综合考虑“资源再生、环境恢复、景观优化”的城市废弃地治理与改造模式。本文从理论体系、运行机制、技术手段、评价方式四个方面,系统构建了该模式的科学内涵和方法,为城市废弃地治理与改造提供了新的思路和解决方案。本文结合作者直接参与设计的武汉园博园工程,为“城市废弃地生态修复与景观再造模式”提供示范案例和实证研究,不但验证了该模式理论的正确性,而且用生态环境和经济社会效益的大量监测数据和评估结果,证明该模式是一种可推广、可复制的现代城市废弃地环境风险控制与可持续发展模式。本文主要内容包括城市废弃地生态修复与景观再造模式构建和实证研究。1、城市废弃地生态修复与景观再造模式构建本文建构了系统完整的“城市废弃地生态修复与景观再造模式”,分别是从理论体系、运行机制、技术手段、评价方式几个方面对模式进行了构建。(1)模式的理论体系。该模式是建立在生态修复与景观再造的耦合机制上,模式的支撑为环境承载力、景观生态结构、土地持续利用以及历史与文脉,模式的内容包括资源再生与开发、环境恢复与再生、文化保护与重塑、风貌改造与优化,模式的特点主要表现在目标多元化、功能多样化、对象复杂性、过程长期性。(2)模式的运行机制。模式的运行机制由运行目标、运行主导、运行策略、运行程序共同建构而成。运行目标是实现资源再利用和城市可持续发展的多元化协同性目标;运行机制是政府机构主导,企业、社会组织、公众在内的多方合作机制;采用的是多维把控、多观融合、多规合一、多手段并用的运行策略;运行程序包括调研分析、评估决策、方案设计、工程建设以及管理调控等。(3)模式的技术手段。根据城市废弃地生态环境要素和景观元素的特点,本文将修复技术与再造手段融为一体,提出7个方面的针对性技术手段:(1)土壤污染控制与修复:技术属性、技术方法的适宜性分析、技术目标等;(2)地形地貌再造手段:生态功能与景观作用分析、再造手段与方法、不同类型场地再造的特殊性;(3)植被修复与设计:植物的修复机理、植物的生态作用和景观功能、技术原则、技术关键点、技术方法等;(4)水系修复与水体再造:技术内容(水体修复、水资源利用、湿地再生、水景营造)、技术目标(恢复水体生态健康、水资源合理利用、营造景观、改善环境、美化环境等);(5)道路修复与规划:技术目标(建构生态廊道和景观骨架)、技术方法(保留与再利用、重新规划设计);(6)环境废弃物处理:污染型处理、非污染型处理;(7)建筑修复与再造:技术方法(功能置换、空间重构、造型重塑)、方式手段(拆除与重建、保留与更新)。(4)模式的评价方式。本文提出该模式的评价方式是包括环境影响评价、景观效果分析、综合效益评价三个层面的综合评价方式。该模式的环境影响评价,应从前期环境影响评价、竣工验收环境影响评价及跟踪评价三个方面展开;该模式的景观效果分析,目的是正确认识研究区域的景观环境的状况和质量变化趋势;该模式的综合效益评价,是由总体目标效益分析;经济效益、社会效益、生态效益、景观效益分项分析;以及各单项效益分析构成的综合效益分析体系。2、实证研究本文以作者参与设计的城市废弃地改造项目——武汉园博园工程为例进行实证研究。武汉园博园工程是改造目标和功能多元化、改造对象和过程复杂的典型城市废弃地治理与改造工程。(1)从工程的运行目标、运行主导、运行策略、运行过程进行分析,工程的顺利运行验证了“城市废弃地生态修复与景观再造模式”运行机制上的可操作性。(2)结合作者的实际操作和参与,分析了工程的技术手段,包括金口垃圾填埋场处理,山水格局和生态织补,湖水净化、海绵园区、水景营造,园区植物规划,园区道路交通规划,园区废弃物改造,园区建筑体系等。该工程在技术手段上的成功,验证了“城市废弃地生态修复与景观再造模式”技术手段的可行性。(3)开展了工程建设前、工程建成后与后续利用期园区各项生态环境指标的调查与评价,实证了该模式生态与环境修复效益显著。根据不同工程阶段的生态环境要素调查与分析,园区的各项污染物排放浓度均符合国家有关排放标准。根据工程不同阶段空气环境、水环境、声环境、地下水环境、土壤及垃圾堆体环境、生态环境等方面的实测数据比对与分析,修复场地污染因子监测值、水质监测指标、土壤重金属指标等都有明显改善,而且都达到了相关技术标准,环境修复效应十分明显。通过工程建设前后景观效果对比与分析,整体性的视觉要素和基础性视觉要素的景观质量分别提高了91%和133%,景观质量有极大提高。通过对该工程综合效益的评价,综合效益评价分值为88分,综合效益为优。本文的研究工作具有跨学科特点,它涉及环境科学与工程、景观设计、生态学、资源和环境经济学等学科。所提出的“城市废弃地生态修复与景观再造模式”不仅实现了“城市环境改善、土地资源可持续利用、文化景观建设”三位一体,也为城市废弃地的治理与改造提供了一种新的可推广、可复制的环境风险控制与可持续发展的模式。更多还原

【Abstract】 Urban Wasteland is abandoned or unutilized land due to improper use or planned changes in urban development and industrial production.In recent years,with the destruction of ecological environment and the shortage of land resources,more and more attention has been paid to urban wasteland in cities.In particular,there have been a large number of diverse causes,diverse pollution modes,large-scale,complex structures,unbalanced land use,and surrounding complex urban wasteland.The ecological rehabilitation and reuse of urban wasteland is a major problem for sustainable development of cities.With the diversified needs of urban wasteland transformation goal,The traditional urban wasteland transformation and utilization mode can no longer meet the needs of ecological civilization construction and urban sustainable development.This thesis proposed a new mode of urban wasteland re-use: Ecological Restoration and and Landscape Rehabilitation of Urban Wasteland(ERLRUW)model.This model is based on the intersection of disciplines,aiming at the insufficiency of the two “mainstream” models of the existing single environmental ecological governance or prior environmental restoration and post-landscape reconstruction,and taking into consideration the “resources” from the perspective of the entire life cycle."Recycling,restoration of the environment,and optimization of landscapes," a model for urban wasteland and rehabilitation.This thesis systematically constructs the scientific connotation and method of the model from the four aspects of the theoretical system,operating mechanism,technical means,and evaluation methods,and provides new ideas and solutions for urban wasteland management and transformation.This thesis combined with the author’s direct participation in the Wuhan Garden Expo Garden project,provides demonstration cases and analysis and evaluation for the ERLRUW model,not only to verify the correctness of the model theory,but also to use the ecological environment and economic and social benefits.A large number of observations and evaluation results prove the feasibility of this model.The model is a scalable and reproducible modern urban wasteland environmental risk control and sustainable development model.The main contents include the construction of ecological restoration and landscape reengineering in urban wasteland and the empirical research.1.The ERLRUW modelThis thesis constructs a complete system of the ERLRUW model,which is divided into several parts: Theoretical system,operation mechanism,techniques and measures,and assessment mode.(1)Theoretical system of the ERLRUW model:Explaining that this model is based on the coupling mechanism of ecological restoration and landscape rehabilitation;clarifing the connotation of the model;The basic supporting points of this model are four: environmental capaurban,ecological structure of the landscape,sustainable utilization of the land and historical and cultural heritage.The main contents of this model include: resource recycling and development,environmental restoration and regeneration,cultural protection and remodeling,as well as the transformation and optimization of features.the characteristics of this model are mainly manifested in four aspects: diversification of objectives,diversification of functions,complexity of objects,and long-term process.(2)Operation mechanism of the ERLRUW model: The goal of the proposed model is to diversify and coordinate the goal,The operating mechanism is a multi-party cooperation mechanism led by government agencies,enterprises,social organizations,and the public.The operation strategy of the model is coordination of multi-dimensional control,integration of multiple views,consolidation of multiple regulations,and combination of multiple methods.The operation process of the model includes the investigation,analysis,evaluation,decision-making,project design,engineering construction and management control should be adopted.(3)Techniques and measures for ERLRUW model: The ecological landscape elements of urban wasteland characteristic as the basis,there are 7 types of ERLRUW techniques: soil pollution control and remediation,landform,vegetation restoration and reconstruction method design,water remediation and reconstruction,road planning,environmental restoration and waste reuse,building repairing and reconstruction.(1)The control and remediation of soil pollution: Site pollution problems,technical attributes,technical methods,technical goals,etc.(2)The rebuilding methods of landform include ecological functions and landscape effects,methods and methods of reengineering,,the particularity of landform and landform rebuilding of different types of urban wasteland.(3)The phytoremediation and design of plants are mainly about the mechanism of phytoremediation,the landscape function of plants,Technical key points,technical methods,etc.(4)The restoration of water system and reconstruction of water bodies.Technical content(water restoration,rainwater collection and reclaimed water reuse,wetland regeneration and waterscape construction);Technical goals(recovering the ecological health of water bodies,rational use of water resources,creating landscapes,improving the environment,and beautifying the environment).(5)The restoration and planning of roads.Technical goals(construction of ecological corridors and Landscape skeleton);Technical methods(retention and reuse,redesign,etc.).(6)Environmental waste treatment.pollution type(divided into severe type,lighter type);non-pollution type(direct retention,processing and utilization);(7)The main methods of building restoration.Technical measures(functional replacement,spatial reconstruction,styling remodeling);methods and means(demolition and reconstruction,retention,and update).(4)Evaluation of the ERLRUW model: This thesis proposes that the evaluation method of this model is a comprehensive evaluation method that includes environmental impact assessment,landscape effect analysis,and comprehensive benefit evaluation.The mode of environmental impact assessment of this model should be carried out from three aspects: early environmental impact assessment,environmental impact assessment of completion acceptance,and follow-up evaluation.The purpose of this model is to analyze the landscape effect in order to correctly understand the landscape environment conditions and quality changes in the study area.The comprehensive benefit evaluation of this model is the analysis of the overall target benefits;the sub-item analysis of economic benefits,social benefits,ecological benefits,and landscape benefits;and the comprehensive benefit analysis system consisting of individual benefit analyses.2.Empirical researchThe Wuhan Garden Expo project in which the author was actively involved was used as a case study to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed ERLRUW model.The Wuhan Garden Expo project is a typical urban wasteland management and renovation project with transformation of objectives and diversified functions,along with transformation of objects and complex process.(1)Operation mechanism.From the analysis of the project’s operational objectives,operating dominance,operational strategies,and engineering processes,the smooth operation of the entire project fully validates the operability of the operating mechanism of the ERLRUW model proposed in this thesis.(2)This article combines the author’s own actual operation and participation and analyzes the technical means of the project,including the Jinkou landfill disposal,the landscape pattern and ecological repairing,site planning and layout structure,water purification and sponge park,plant planning system,the road traffic system,the transformation of waste system,and main building system.The success of the technical means fully validates the feasibility of the technical means of the ERLRUW model.(3)This article carrieds out the investigation and evaluation of various ecological and environmental indicators of the site before and after the completion of the project,and verifies the effectiveness of the model in terms of ecosystem and environmental rehabilitation.It verified the environmental restoration effect of this model through comparison analysis of the measured data of ambient air,water environment,acoustic environment,groundwater environment,soil environment,and ecological environment at different stages of the project.According to the investigation and analysis of the ecological environment factors at different stages of engineering,the pollutant discharge concentration in the site accords with the relevant national emission standards.According to the measured data comparison and analysis of air environment,water environment,acoustic environment,groundwater environment,soil environment at different stages of the construction,pollutant monitoring value,water quality monitoring index,soil heavy metals index has improved significantly,and reached the relevant technical standards,the effect of environment remediation is very obvious.Landscape contrast and analysis before and after the construction,the overall visual quality and the basic visual elements of the landscape quality increased by 91% and 133% respectively,and the landscape quality is greatly improved.Through the evaluation of the comprehensive benefit of the project,the score of comprehensive benefit evaluation is 88,and the comprehensive benefit is excellent.The research work of this thesis was interdisciplinary,involving disciplines of environmental science and engineering,landscape design,ecology,resource and environmental economics.The proposed the ERLEUW model is a best matching method combining the three aspects of urban environmental improvement,sustainable utilization of resources and rehabilitation of cultural landscape.It can not only solve the “chronic disease” threatening sustainable development of urban waste land,but provide a new model and approach to achieve the goals of risk control and sustainable development model.更多还原