【作者】 李莹；

【导师】 贾利；

【作者基本信息】 东北农业大学 ， 林业经济管理， 2016， 博士

【摘要】 森林资源拥有独具魅力的内在价值,具有保育土壤、净化大气、涵养水源、固碳释氧、生物多样性保护和森林游憩等多种生态服务功能,它自身构成了完整的生态系统。森林资源属于公共物品,具有很强的正外部性特征,在生物的生态保护延续和控制气候变化等重大事件中都发挥非常重要的作用。但是随着经济的高速发展、人口的迅速增加,人类对自然的破坏愈加严重,一系列生态危机随之出现,致使森林生态系统功能严重减弱,各种自然灾害不断发生,使人类真正意识到保护森林生态环境和进行森林生态补偿的重要性。森林生态补偿是运用经济手段保护森林生态环境的重要措施,根据生态保护成本、生态价值、发展机会成本,综合运用市场和行政手段,调节各个利益群体之间的关系,合理分配森林资源的效益,建立健全覆盖利益相关者的生态与环境保护激励机制和约束机制,引导人们更为合理地保护和利用森林生态资源,保持森林生态系统功能的可持续性,实现经济、生态和社会效益的协调发展。本文以劳动价值论、外部经济性理论、公共物品理论、生态资本理论及可持续发展理论为基础,从理论和实践两个方面对国内外森林生态补偿进行了研究。根据实地调研情况和掌握的资料,对牡丹江市森林生态补偿的现状进行分析,发现牡丹江市森林生态补偿存在的问题,包括森林生态补偿的法律制度滞后、补偿主体单一、补偿标准偏低、权责落实不到位、市场化机制欠缺等。本文运用层次分析方法,对森林生态补偿的因素进行分析,建立了牡丹江市森林生态补偿影响因素层次结构模型,计算出对森林生态补偿有影响的评价因子。在研究中发现在森林生态补偿的各大影响因素中,生态因素与自然资源因素占有较大比重,具体说来,对森林生态补偿影响因素较大的有:森林生态区位、生物多样性、森林蓄积量、森林起源、地区的经济发展水平、林区居民收入、营林管护成本、造林成本、法律制度、政策、居民收入和户外锻炼时间等。因此,在制定牡丹江市森林生态补偿标准时,要充分考虑到上述因素的区别,做到具体问题具体分析。本文运用机会成本法、替代成本法、市场价格法和支付意愿法等对牡丹江市森林生态价值进行核算,将森林生态价值分为涵养水源、固碳释氧、净化空气、土壤保持和森林游憩价值,并最终得出具体数值,为牡丹江市森林生态补偿标准的制定提供数据支持。本文对牡丹江市森林生态补偿标准进行分析,综合利用以经济价值补偿为依据的观点和以生态效益补偿为依据的观点,尝试性地测算牡丹江市森林生态补偿标准的参考值,为牡丹江市制定生态补偿标准提供参考依据。同时对牡丹江市森林生态补偿方式进行分析,包括:森林生态补偿的依据——政策法律、补偿方法依据;森林生态补偿的原则——补偿主体与客体确定、补偿的实施原则;森林生态补偿主体与客体分析、森林生态补偿手段的分析以及补偿方式的选取。国际上已有多个国家和地区对森林生态补偿进行了探索,对森林生态服务进行了有效的补偿,能够达到经济与环境的协调发展。本文总结了国内外的经验和启示,希望可以对制定森林生态补偿制度有所启发。最后,针对森林生态补偿存在的问题和国内外森林生态补偿的经验,提出了完善森林生态补偿的对策建议:要加强森林生态补偿制度建设;建立多元化森林生态补偿方式;确定合理的补偿标准;拓宽补偿资金渠道;利益相关者参与生态补偿建设。本文以牡丹江市为例对森林生态补偿进行研究,提出完善森林生态补偿的对策建议,其意义不仅在于为牡丹江市今后的生态环境建设提供参考,并为今后我国针对不同地区制定森林生态补偿政策和完善森林生态补偿制度提供参考思路,以期实现经济、社会和生态的可持续发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Forest resources have the unique charm of the intrinsic value,with soil conservation,water conservation,carbon fixation and oxygen release,purifying atmosphere,biodiversity conservation and forest recreation and other many kinds of ecological service function,its own constitute a complete cycle of ecological system.As a kind of public goods,forest resources have positive externalities,which play an important role in the relationship between the continuity of the biological community and the control of global climate change.With the development of the economy and the rapid increase of population and the human destruction of nature,various natural disasters occur,make people realize the importance of protecting forest ecological environment and forest ecological compensation.Forest ecological compensation mechanism is the use of economic instruments to protect the forest ecological environment of the important measures,is to protect the ecological environment and promote harmony between man and nature as the goal,according to the ecosystem service value,ecological protection cost,the opportunity cost of the development,the integrated use of administrative and market in,from the source to regulate the relationship between the various interest groups,reasonable distribution of the benefits of forest resources,establish,and improve the coverage of stakeholders ecological and environmental protection,incentive and restraint mechanisms,guide people to the rational use and protection of forest ecological environment,maintaining the sustainability of forest ecosystem function,the coordinated development of forest economic,ecological and social benefits.Based on forest value,forest ecological compensation,by the labor value theory,externality economy theory,public goods theory,the theory of ecological forestry and sustainable development theory as the theoretical basis,from the two aspects of theory and practice of domestic and international forest ecological compensation were studied.According to the field research and data at hand,the status of Mudanjiang city forest ecological compensation are analyzed,found the problems existed in Mudanjiang city forest ecological compensation,the problems of forest ecological compensation in Mudanjiang are found,including the lag of legal system of forest ecological compensation,the single compensation subject,the low compensation standard,the implementation of power and responsibility is not in place,the lack of market mechanism and so on.By using the AHP method,the factors of forest ecological compensation analysis,the model of forest ecological compensation influence factors in Mudanjiang City,calculate the evaluation factors have influence on forest ecological compensation.In the study found in forest ecological compensation of the major influencing factors,ecological factors and natural resources factor occupies a larger proportion,specifically speaking,the influencing factors of forest ecological compensation larger have:forest ecological niches,biodiversity,forest stock volume,the forest of origin,regional economic development level,and the income of the residents in forest areas,forest management and protection costs,cost of afforestation,law system,policy,residents’ income and outdoor exercise time etc..Therefore,in the Mudanjiang city forest ecological compensation standards to be formulated,to fully take into account the differences between the above factors,to achieve specific analysis of specific issues.This paper uses the opportunity cost method,replacement cost method,market price method and contingent valuation method of Mudanjiang city forest ecological value accounting,and the forest ecological value of water conservation,carbon fixation and oxygen release,air purification,soil conservation and forest recreation value,finally come to the specific values,and lay the foundation for formulation of Mudanjiang city forest ecological compensation standard.This paper attempted to analyze the forest ecological compensation standard in Mudanjiang City,comprehensively utilized of economic value compensation on the basis of the view and ecological benefit compensation on the basis of the view,reasonably determined the standard of forest ecological compensation in Mudanjiang city.Moreover,the Mudanjiang city forest ecological compensation were analyzed,including:Basis of forest ecological compensation(Basis of policy,law and compensation method);principles of forest ecological compensation(Principle of compensation subject and object determination,Principle of compensation implement);Analysis of forest ecological compensation subject and object,analysis of forest ecological compensation means.Internationally,there are many countries and regions to explore the forest ecological compensation,the various forms of economic incentive mechanism have emerged,effective compensation for forest ecological system service,to achieve economic and environmental "win-win" results.This paper summarizes the experience and enlightenment of domestic and overseas,hoping to enlighten the development of forest ecological compensation system.Finally,aiming at the existing problems of forest ecological compensation as well as domestic and international forest ecological compensation experience,puts forward the Mudanjiang city perfect forest ecological compensation countermeasures and suggestions:to strengthen the construction of compensation system;to establish a diversified compensation method;to determine the reasonable compensation standard;to broaden the channels of compensation funds,stakeholders involved in the construction of ecological compensation.Through the systemic study of Mudanjiang forest ecological compensation,this paper puts forward the countermeasures and suggestions to protection the forest ecological compensation,its significance is not only to provided reference for the future construction of the ecological environment in Mudanjiang City,but also for the implementation of different regions to formulate and improve the forest ecological compensation system to provided ideas,to achieve sustainable development of economy,society and environment.更多还原