【作者】 李拉扬；

【导师】 谢彦君；

【作者基本信息】 东北财经大学 ， 旅游管理， 2017， 博士

【摘要】 城市在旅游目的地体系中的地位毋庸置疑,城市旅游已经成为“遍及全球的一种极其重要的旅游形式”(Ashworth&Page,2011)。然而,在实际的城市旅游开发中,由于缺乏科学理论的指导,加之一直强调经济利益,政治与资本力量充斥着城市旅游空间的生产过程,因此不可避免地影响了城市旅游发展的进程和方向,产生了很多现实问题。已有的国内外关于城市旅游的研究成果更多的是偏向于政府管理层面的对策性研究和地理学意义上的城市旅游空间结构研究,而忽视了城市旅游者主体在城市景观形成过程中的重要地位。本研究提出城市旅游者是城市旅游活动的主体,是城市景观打造必须考虑的对象性存在,只有旅游者对城市景观的积极认同与体验,城市旅游的可持续发展才有可能。因此,旅游者与城市的体验关系就成为了城市旅游研究迫切关注的问题。本研究以城市旅游者为研究对象,运用“旅游凝视”作为理论分析工具,对“旅游城市”、“城市性”、“意义世界”、“城市景观”等概念的内涵做出新的判断和诠释。研究数据通过深度访谈、网络文本以及问卷调查三种方式获取,运用理论思辨、扎根理论以及定量研究三种方法来深入分析城市旅游体验的整体结构,并探索城市旅游者景观体验的偏好和认同以及二者之间的关系。本文的具体内容安排大致可分为如下六章:第一章绪论,提出本文的研究问题,奠定整个研究的基础。通过介绍研究背景,梳理国内外在城市旅游领域的研究动态与理论走向,提出旅游者与城市的体验关系是城市旅游研究的这一核心命题,确立本研究的研究意义、研究思路与选用的研究方法,并说明本研究在研究视角以及研究内容上的创新之处。第二章,引入“旅游凝视”,对“旅游凝视”的概念与理论发展进行梳理,提出“旅游凝视”的真正内涵所在,发现“旅游凝视”与“旅游体验”在本质上的一致性,并在此基础上提出本研究的研究框架,探讨城市旅游体验研究的逻辑主线:旅游城市→城市性→意义世界→城市景观。第三章,首先简单梳理城市的历史变迁和城市本质主义的历史演变,剖析当代城市中城市意识的启蒙,提出脱离现实城市存在于“旅游凝视”中的“旅游城市”概念,将旅游研究中的“城市”直接转变为“旅游城市”,并对其内涵和特征进行阐述。第四章以“城市性”与“城市旅游者的意义世界”为线索展开,研究旅游者与城市之间的体验关系。在上一章“旅游城市”提出的基础上,进而探讨“旅游城市”的特征——“城市性”——这一“旅游城市”被旅游者通过“凝视”所赋予的意义。因此,本章的另外一部分着重研究城市旅游者意义世界的共同点和变化特征。第五章研究“城市景观”,首先,通过定性的扎根理论与定量的因子分析、聚类分析,总结城市景观的旅游偏好,并探讨各类城市景观与旅游者意义认同之间的相关性,进一步验证城市旅游对于旅游者生命存在的意义所在。第六章是本研究的结论部分。除了阐述和总结本研究的主要观点,还提出了研究不足和研究展望。本研究得出了以下结论:(1)“旅游凝视”理论的应用涉及到现实世界的符号表征,也涉及到旅游者形而上的欲望和意义。在这个过程中,旅游者如何选择景观,又如何超越景观进入意义世界?一直悬而未解。而“旅游凝视”在学术界的引用,长期以来一直与“视觉”、“权力”等社会学隐喻联系在一起,其“从物到意”这样一个特殊过程却一直被研究者们所忽视,包括Urry本人在内的众多研究者在这个问题上都言辞含糊,虽然我们能够理解Urry对宏大叙事的企图。因此,对“旅游凝视”概念内涵的清晰界定是本研究的基础和前提,在梳理“旅游凝视”概念发展以及解释困境的基础上,将“旅游凝视”重构出四个维度的内涵:形而上的意义世界、多感官身体、旅游符号与景观、“规训”与“主体”。(2)透过“旅游凝视”这一理论,本研究发现,旅游者所面对、所“凝视”的城市并非现实城市,是由现实城市中的若干景观符号“拼贴”而成,因此本研究在这一基础上提出“旅游城市”的新观点,“旅游城市”并非现实中的城市,而是由于“旅游凝视”存在于旅游者意识之中。“旅游城市”的本质是一种感性的城市,是知觉与情感在第一时间交融后的产物。而这一概念的提出,也为后续研究提供了一条新的思路。(3)停留在旅游者意识中的“旅游城市”直接决定了城市旅游研究中的“城市性”不能直接借用社会学、经济学、地理学领域的既有研究结果,而应该意识到“旅游凝视”下的“旅游城市”有其自身特性,而这个特性正是“城市性”在旅游语境中的应有之义。因此,本研究从访谈和游记的文本归纳出五种“城市性”:多样与整体;场所精神;情感乌托邦;地方性;有限性。(4)意义是决定“旅游凝视”的最高原则,也是城市旅游者的终极体验目标。具体有以下四个维度:首先,城市旅游对于旅游者可以看作是日常生活的彼岸。在旅游者看来,日常生活是重复的、乏味无奇的、人际交往冷漠的、压抑的一个世界,而城市旅游由于其内在的“超越性”,必然与日常生活存在着差异;其次,城市旅游与其他类型的旅游可能最大的区别就在于对“身体快感”的解放,而且只有在城市中,旅游者的身体快感和欲望才能达到全方位的极致和满足;第三,由于城市中文化的丰富以及人类活动的表征,因此城市旅游者获得审美体验也就显得理所当然;最后,在“旅游凝视”过程中,一部分城市旅游者是关注自我认同和自我实现的,城市提供了旅游者更多的机会进行自我尝试和挑战。(5)当“意义”重新回到“旅游凝视”中,“城市景观”作为意义的通道就有了举足轻重的研究价值。与“旅游城市”一样,“城市景观”在本研究中重新回到旅游者意识中,从而与现实景观相区分。在对游记文本的扎根理论分析中,本研究发现4个结论:①城市景观既有结构性的,即社会赋予的,又有随机性,而其随机性又佐证了“旅游凝视”和“旅游城市”的选择性和多样性;②城市景观是意义世界的通路,旅游的目的在于脱离景观进入意义世界;③对“城市景观”的“旅游凝视”经常表现出一种反抗性意识;④城市景观的“凝视”方式分为两种:物欲占有者和漫游者,这也是城市快感和美感的两种获得方式。在考察城市旅游者景观偏好与体验认同的相关性时,本研究还发现:①用聚类分析给出的三维结构来描述城市旅游者的“景观偏好”和“意义认同”,“景观偏好”可以分为主动“凝视”的景观、被动“凝视”的景观和“异化”景观三个维度;“意义认同”可以包括“生命价值”、“物质欲望”、“文化修养”三个维度;②景观偏好与意义认同之间存在显著正相关。景观偏好的三个维度通过既平行又交叉的交互作用影响意义认同的三个维度。本文研究视角的新意与特色在于,以旅游者微观视角来研究城市旅游,有别于以往城市旅游研究中泛滥的宏观或中观的研究视角以及对策性的研究旨趣。“旅游凝视”视角的介入,既厘清了旅游体验过程中从感知到生成意义世界的过程,也彰显了旅游的本质在于超越现实的精神世界。以“旅游视角”的切入,本研究发现“城市”、“旅游城市”、“城市性”等概念都具有了与既有研究截然不同的内涵。不过,限于目前研究的深度与广度,本研究仍有一些尚待发掘的理论空间,同时也存在着一些不足,表现在:第一,本研究虽然考察了国内外大量的文献资料,并且结合定性材料,试图从中清晰挖掘出“旅游城市”、“城市性”、“城市体验”以及“城市景观”等概念的内涵,但囿于本人在理论思辨能力和知识架构方面的局限,在进行逻辑推理时存在一定的困难,对研究资料的处理和分析存在不足,从而影响了对本文上述观点的阐释深度。第二,尽管本研究采取了扎根理论方法来对“城市景观”的“凝视”结构进行分析,并尽可能地归纳这一结构的特点,这种分析局限于单一维度,并未延展至综合性诠释,需要未来做进一步理论探究。第三,本研究采用的是网络问卷发放和收集,由于网民在年龄、受教育程度、职业结构上的特殊性,因此就规模庞大的城市旅游者来说,本研究所抽取的样本在代表性方面可能存在一定的缺陷。因此,本文努力采用一些技术手段做一些完善,但难免依然留有局部的系统性偏误。更多还原

【Abstract】 The importance of the city in the tourist destination system is no doubt.Urban tourism has become an "extremely important form of tourism throughout the world"(Ashworth&Page,2011).However,in the actual urban tourism development,due to the lack of scientific knowledge of the guidance,which inevitably has always stressed the economic interests.Political and capital forces filled with the production process of the urban tourism space.The research results of urban tourism at home and abroad are more about the research on the government management and the spatial structure of urban tourism,which neglects the subject of urban tourists.This study suggests that urban tourists are the main body of urban tourism activities.Only the positive identity and experience form urban tourists can make the sustainable development of urban tourism is possible.Therefore,the relationship between tourists and the city has become an urgent problem in the study of urban tourism.This study takes urban tourists as the research object,and uses ’tourist gaze’ as the theoretical analysis tool to make a new judgment and interpretation on the connotation of the concept of ’tourist city’,’ubanity’,’meaning world’ and ’urban landscape’,taking depth interview,network text,questionnaire survey and other ways to collect research data,using grounded theory and quantitative research to deeply analysis,accessing to the basic information of urban tourists,and exploring the preferences and recognition of tourist experience of urban landscape.The specific content of this article can be divided into the following six chapters:The first chapter,as an introduction,raises the question,which aims to lay the foundation for the whole study.Through the introduction of the research background,combing the domestic and foreign research trends and shortcomings in the field of urban tourism,it is pointed out that the relationship between tourists and the city is an important subject of urban tourism research.And the research significance,research ideas and selected research methods are established,also explained the possible innovations of this study.In the second chapter,the author introduces the concept of ’tourist gaze’ combs the concept of ’tourist gaze’ and puts forward the real connotation of ’tourist gaze’,and finds the consistency of ’tourist gaze’ and ’tourist experience’.And on this basis,this study puts forward the research framework of this study,explore the main line of the study of urban tourist experience:tourist city,urbanity,meaning world and urban landscape.In the third chapter,the author briefly combs the historical changes of the city and the historical evolution of the urban essentialism,analyzes the enlightenment of urban consciousness in the contemporary world,and puts forward the concept of ’tourist city’which exists in the ’tourist gaze’ of the ’city’ directly into a ’tourist city’,and its connotation and characteristics are described.The fourth chapter starts with the ’urbanity’ and ’the meaning world of the urban tourists’,and studies the experience relationship between the tourists and the cities.On the basis of ’tourist city’ from the last chapter,this study explores the features of ’tourist city’-’urbanity’.This ’tourist city’ is influenced by the ’gaze’ of the tourists,so the other part of this chapter focuses on the common points and changing characteristics of the urban tourist meaning world.The fifth chapter studies the ’urban landscape’.Firstly,through the qualitative analysis of the grounded theory and the quantitative factorsand clusters,the tourist preference of the urban landscape is summarized,and the correlation between the urban landscape and the tourist’s identity is discussed,and the relation between urban tourism and the existence of the meaning of of tourists is proved.Chapter 6 is the conclusion of this study.In addition to elaborating and summarizing the main points of this study,research deficiencies and research prospects are also proposed.This study draws the following conclusions:(1)The application of the theory of ’tourist gaze’ involves the symbolic representation of the real world,and also involves the metaphysical desire and meaning of the tourists.In this process,how do tourists choose the landscape,how to go beyond the landscape into the world of the meaning?’Tourist gaze’has been unsolved in the academic community,has long been with the "vision","power" and other sociological metaphor linked.Such a special process of ’from thing to meaning’ has been ignored by the researchers.Many researchers,including Urry himself,are rhetoric on this issue,although they can understand that Urry wants to reach the grand theory.Therefore,the connotation of the concept of ’tourist gaze’ is the basis and prerequisite of this study.On the basis of combing the concept of ’tourism gaze’ and explaining the dilemma,the connotation of four dimensions is reconstructed meaning the world,multi-sensory body,tourist symbols and landscape,’discipline’ and ’subject’.This is the first conclusion of this paper.(2)Through the theory of ’tourist gaze’,this study found that tourists faced by the’gaze’ of the city is not a real city,is ’collaged’ by a number of landscape symbols of the real city.On the basis of this study,this paper puts forward the new view of ’tourist city’,’tourist city’ is not the real city,but exists in the tourist consciousness because of ’tourist gaze’.’Tourist City’is the essence of a perceptual city,is the products after the perception and emotion blend in the first time.And the proposed of this concept provides a new way of thinking for the follow-up study.This is the second conclusion of this paper.(3)The ’tourist city’,which stayed in the tourist consciousness,directly determines that the ’urbanity’ in urban tourism research can not directly borrow the existing research results in the field of sociology,economics and geography,but should realize that under the ’tourist gaze’,’tourist city’ has its own characteristics,and this feature is ’urbanity’.Therefore,this study summarizes five kinds of ’urbanity’ from the interviews and travel blogs:the diversity and the whole;the place spirit;the emotional utopia;the placeness;the limited.This is the third conclusion of this paper.(4)meaning is determining the ’tourist gaze’,and it is the highest principle,but also the ultimate goal of urban tourists.In general,these meanings have the following four dimensions:First,urban tourism for tourists means that the other world apart from the daily life.In the view of tourists,daily life is a world of repetitive,boring,interpersonal indifference,depressed,and because of its inherent "transcendence",urban tourism must be different from the daily life;Second,the biggest difference between the urban tourism and other types of tourism may be lies in the liberation of ’body pleasure’.Only in the city,the tourist’s body pleasure and desire can achieve the full range of extreme and satisfied;third,because the urban culture is rich and the characterization of human activities,so the urban tourists get the aesthetic experience is also a matter of course;Finally,in the ’tourist gaze’ process,part of the city tourists are concerned about self-identity and self-realization,the city provides more tourists the opportunity to self-try and challenge.This is the fourth conclusion of this study.(5)When the ’meaning’ back to the ’tourist gaze’,’urban landscape’ as the channel of the meaning word will have a significant research value.Like the ’tourist city’,the ’urban landscape’ in this study also returns to the tourist consciousness,and thus distinguishing with the reality of the landscape.In this paper,four conclusions are found in this study:①The urban landscape is both structural and social,and random,and its randomness supports the ’tourist gaze’ and ②urban landscape is the path of the meaning of the world,the purpose of tourism is to leave the landscape into the meaning of the world;?the’tourist gaze’ to ’urban landscape often showes a kind of resistance;④the ’gaze’approach of urban landscape is divided into two kinds:material owners and flaneur,which are also the two ways to get the city pleasure and beauty.In this paper,we find that:①describe the ’landscape preference’ and ’meaning identity’ of urban tourists with the three-dimensional structure of clustering,and the ’landscape preference’ can be used to study the relationship between urban tourists’ landscape preference and experience identity.’Meanig’ can include three dimensions:’life value’,’material desire’ and ’cultural accomplishment’,which are divided into three dimensions:active ’gaze’ landscape,passive ’gaze’landscape and ’alienation’landscape.②There is a significant positive correlation between landscape preference and meaning identity.The three dimensions of landscape preference affect the three dimensions of meaning identity through both parallel and crossed interactions.The new perspective and characteristics of this paper are the study of urban tourism from the microcosmic perspective of tourists,which is different from the macroscopic or mesoscopic research perspective in the study of urban tourism.’Tourist gaze’ perspective of the intervention,both clear the process of tourism from the perception to the meaning of the process of generating the world,but also highlights the essence of tourism is beyond the real world of the spirit.This study found that the concepts of ’city’,’tourist city’ and"urbanity" which all have different connotations from the existing research.This study draws at least three aspects:First,this study draws on the relevant literature at home and abroad,and relies on the qualitative data,trying to dig out the concept of ’tourist city’,’urbanity’ and other concepts connotation,But I am confined to the weak theoretical speculation and knowledge structure,so there are some difficulties in the logical reasoning,so the research data processing and analysis is not in place,the analysis is not clear.Second,although this study takes a grounded theoretical approach to analyze the ’urban landscape’ of the ’gaze’ structure,and as much as possible to draw the structural characteristics,but also because of the lack of personal ability,so the analysis is not thorough and thorough,need to think further.Thirdly,this study adopts the issue and collection of network questionnaires.Because of the particularity of age,education level and occupation structure of Internet users,there must have some defects in this sample on the reperesentativeness of the large-scale urban tourists.更多还原