【作者】 张强；

【导师】 韩振海；

【作者基本信息】 中国农业大学 ， 果树学， 2018， 博士

【摘要】 中国是世界第一苹果生产国,种植面积和总产量均居世界首位;’富士’是我国苹果主栽品种,约占苹果种植品种的70%;探讨’富士’苹果果实品质与土壤养分和气象因子之间的关系,为提高’富士’果实品质的合理区域布局、果园土壤改良和微气候因子调节等提供理论依据。本论文连续2年对我国苹果产区11个省(市)、51个(区)县(市)153个成龄’富士’苹果园的土壤养分、果实品质和果实矿质营养进行调查分析和气象资料收集,应用多变量统计分析和线性规划等方法,研究了’富士’果实品质与土壤养分和气象因子的关系。主要结果和结论如下:1.我国不同苹果产区土壤养分含量、气象因子和果实品质差异较大;土壤养分中最高的土壤有机质、全氮、有效氮、磷、钾、钙、铁、锌和硼含量分别为最低值的3.8、13、9、24、23.7、8、38、61和14倍,环渤海湾苹果产区的土壤有机质、有效氮、磷、铁、锌含量显著高于黄土高原产区,而土壤有效钙含量和pH低于黄土高原产区;气象因子的年平均温度和年总降水量,4月至10月平均温度、最低温度、最高温度、昼夜温差、总降水量、相对湿度和日照百分率最高值与最低值分别相差12.5℃ 和 954.1 mm,9.1℃、11.87℃、7.78℃、9.06℃、826.7 mm、32.28%和36.85%;不同产区果实单果质量、果形指数、硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、固酸比和着色面积的最高值与最低值分别相差 145.31 g、0.23、4.20 kg·cm-2、5.36%、0.16%、68.09%和 56.00%。2.我国苹果园土壤养分含量间的条件数为61.31、土壤pH的方差分解比为0.9564、土壤pH与有效钙和铁的相关系数分别为0.8199和-0.8241,表明果园土壤养分间存在复共线性;偏最小二乘回归分析得到了不同土壤养分因子对果实品质影响的效应载荷和权重,分别筛选出影响不同果实品质因素的主要土壤养分因子;求解出’富士’果实品质优质的土壤养分优化方案;明确提出两大苹果产区均需要提高土壤有机质和有效钙含量,环渤海湾产区还要增加土壤有效硼含量,调高土壤pH,调整土壤有效钾含量;黄土高原产区还应提高土壤有效氮、钾和铁含量,调低果园土壤pH和适当调整土壤有效锌和硼含量。3.不同气象因子对果实品质的影响各异,4月至10月的平均温度、最高温度、最低温度和日照百分率对果实品质影响的正效应较大,其次是年总降水量和年平均温度;而4月至10月降水量和相对湿度与果实品质呈负效应。不同果实品质因素受气象因子的影响各异,果实可溶性固形物含量主要受年平均温度、年降水量、4月至10月平均温度、最低温度和昼夜温差的影响,9月、10月的气象因子对可溶性固形物含量影响较大。’富士’苹果优质的气象因子为年平均温度5.5-18.0℃,年总降水量602-1121 mm,4月至10月的平均温度13.3-19.6 ℃、平均最低温度7.8-18.5 ℃、平均最高温度19.5 ℃、昼夜温差13.7 ℃、降水量227 mm、相对湿度57.5%-84.0%和日照百分率49.2%-70.0%。4.土壤养分和气象因子均影响’富士’的果实品质,气象因子对果实品质影响的正效应权重占总权重的63.87%,高于土壤养分所占的权重(36.13%),表明选择适宜的区域种植更加重要;获得了不同果实品质因素受土壤养分和生长季各月气象因子影响的大小顺序,求解出’富士’苹果优质的土壤养分和生长季各月气象因子的优化方案。更多还原

【Abstract】 China is the largest apple producing and consuming country in the world and had the top apple planting area and yield worldwide.’Fuji’ apple is the major cultivar in China,accounting for more than 70%of China’s apple planting acreage.The relationship between fruit quality of’Fuji’ apple and soil nutrient,meteorological factors were explored to provide theoretical basis for improving the fruit quality in reasonable regional layout and planting,soil improvement and microclimate factor regulating of ’Fuji’apple orchard.An investigation of soil nutrients,’Fuji’ fruit quality,fruit mineral nutrients and collecting of meteorological data in survey the year was conducted in 153 commercial apple orchards in the production regions of 51 counties and 11 provinces in China from 2010 to 2011.The multivariate statistical analysis and linear programming were used to research relationship between fruit quality of’Fuji’ apple and soil nutrition,meteorological factors.The results were as follows:1.The soil nutrient contents,meteorological factors and fruit quality among different orchards and apple producing regions were a large difference.The highest levels of soil nutrient in soil organic matter,total N,available N,P,K,Ca,Fe,Zn and B contents were the lowest levels of 3.8,13,9,24,23.7,8,38,61 and 14 times,respectively.The content of soil organic matter,available N,P,Fe and Zn in the apple region of Bohai bay were significantly higher than that of loess plateau,while the available Ca and pH were lower than that of the loess plateau.The difference values of maximum and minimum in annual average temperature and annual total precipitation,from April to October mean temperature,minimum temperature,maximum temperature,diurnal temperature difference,total precipitation,relative humidity and percentage of sunshine were separately 12.5℃,954.1mm,9.1℃,11.870℃,7.78℃,9.060℃,826.7mm,32.28%and 36.85%.The difference of fruit qualities among different orchards was very different,in which the difference between the highest and lowest values in fruit mass,fruit shape index,firmness,soluble solid and titratable acid SSC/TA and fruit color area were respectively 145.31 g,0.23,4.20 kg·cm-2,5.36%,0.16%,68.09%and 56.00%.2.The multiple collinearity diagnosis was used to indicate a complex collinearity among soil nutrient factors According to condition index was 61.31,proportion of variance decomposition in soil pH was 0.9564 and correlation coefficient of between soil pH and available Ca,Fe were 0.8199 and-0.8241.The partial least squares regressions was used to obtain model effect loading and weights of different soil nutrient element affecting fruit quality,to select major soil nutrient factors affecting different fruit qualities,and to solve the optimum proposal of soil nutrients for good fruit quality and higher fruit mineral element contents.The key the technical measures in soil nutrient management for good fruit qualities were clearly proposed in the Circum-Bohai and the Loess Plateau regions,in which content of soil organic matter and available Ca were increased in both apple producing regions,but also increase available B and pH in the Circum-Bohai region,and to enhance available K,Fe,decrease pH,and adjust available Zn and B in the Loess Plateau regions.3.The influence of different meteorological factors on fruit quality were difference.The major positive effect factor in comprehensive influence of meteorological factors on fruit quality were mean temperature,the highest temperature,the lowest temperature,and Sunshine percentage from April to October,then were annual total precipitation and mean annual temperature,while precipitation and relative humidity from April to October were negative effects to fruit quality.The different fruit quality factor affected by meteorological factors and monthly meteorological factors in the growing season were various,in which soluble solid content were affected by mean annual temperature,annual total precipitation,and mean temperature,the lowest temperature,temperature difference between day and night from April to October.The optimum meteorological factors on fruit quality were mean annual temperature of 5.5-18 ℃,annual total precipitation of 602-1121 mm,in growth period(from April to October)mean temperature of 13.3-19.6 ℃,minimum temperature of 7.8-18.5 ℃,maximum temperature of 19.5 ℃,temperature difference between day and night of 13.7 ℃,total precipitation of 227 mm,relative humidity of 57.5%-84.0%,and sunshine percentage of 36.5%-70.0%.4.The soil nutrient and meteorological factors both Influence fruit quality of ’Fuji’ apple,in that the model effect weights of meteorological factors comprehensive influence on fruit quality was 63.87%,while that of soil nutrient was only 36.13%.This results showed that selection the climatic optimum region to grow ’Fuji’ apple was very important.The first 10 terms from big to small order of soil nutrient and monthly meteorological factors in growing season affecting different fruit quality were obtained by variable importance for projection.The optimum proposal of comprehensive factors in soil nutrient and meteorological data were solved by set up regress equation and using linear programming for good fruit quality.更多还原