【作者】 王霞；

【导师】 姜广辉；

【作者基本信息】 湖南大学 ， 中国史， 2017， 博士

【摘要】 秦汉时期儒学衰落与复兴的历史,是众所周知的。但隐藏在这段历史中的文化继承与政治革新的纠葛,则较少有人关注和思索。具体说,儒家所传承的旧有文化与法家引领的新政治形态之间的不一致情况,很少有人从文化记忆的角度去考虑。这种文化心理与文化记忆深深存在于人们的内心中,属于“百姓日用而不知”的集体潜意识,虽然它有时被政治威权所压抑,但在一定缓和的政治气氛下,它又会得以复苏和重现,并呈现出巨大的力量。秦国在法家人物主导下实行政治改革,以郡县制取代世袭制,并通过“以战去战”的政策使秦王朝在政治上实现了大一统。但是法家人物对西周以来世袭制度的全盘否定,及其“非古崇今”的历史观,导致了对传统文化的否定与摒弃。李斯和秦始皇的“焚书”“以吏为师”、反对私学的文化专制政策,虽然暂时打击了以传承传统文化为己任的儒家知识阶层,但是丧失了儒家知识分子对秦朝身份的认同感和归属感,丧失了不同群体形成共同价值准则的可能。所以秦始皇和法家试图通过毁灭儒家教育来达到磨灭旧有文化,来达成政治效能的绝对化,是一大错误。在这个错误之下,统一国家离开了严肃而有活力的文化记忆,知识阶层和官吏群体生活在无共同记忆的状态中,不但群体面临着解散的危险,而且构成有意义个体生活也将变得不可能。任何深沉的文化及相关的价值都将瓦解崩溃。因此,秦始皇统一政权处在一个不同类型文化未能融合,文化与全新政治形态存在诸多矛盾甚至相背离的状态。随着秦朝的迅速灭亡和西汉王朝的建立,学者对秦朝的统治思想加以批判,对法家思想进行反思,传统的文化心理与文化记忆很快苏醒并形成。由于皇帝世袭制这个最大血缘关系的现实存在,以及社会上人们血缘意识的根深蒂固,使得西周的分封制与世袭制在西汉初期得以复活,先秦的文化典籍也被社会重新加以重视。秦王朝虽然存在时间很短,它的制度与文化也在一定程度上沉积下来。西汉王朝既有对西周制度文化的继承,也有秦朝制度文化的继承(如分封制与郡县制并行)。汉儒和官吏们批判和反思秦政和法家的共同行为,足以说明他们拥有一个共同的集体记忆。也是在这一历史框架之中,他们形成了共同的价值体系和行为准则,即将当下与传统对接起来,再次借助先秦儒家基本内核为当下所有成员和国家政治机构提供能够接受的伦理价值和道德准则;同时,他们也以这种共同的记忆,寻找并确认了自身的身份归属,并形成文化记忆所具有的凝聚力和持续存在的结构力量。这种文化记忆支撑了儒学的复兴,使得经典文化和相对独立于政治的知识阶层得以形成。同时,传承文化的代表孔子在先秦被其弟子圣化之后,继之又被汉儒冠以“素王”的称号,因而使得与政治权威相对的文化权威形成。学者以此来批判和规范现实政治,以此来引领社会的价值取向。文化的融合需要自由且广泛充分的交流讨论,才能在全社会层面形成共同的文化记忆和身份认同感。汉武帝政府通过政府机构,设置《五经》博士、太学、郡国学等,最终以政府的力量完成了适应统一政治的文化融合,并以此文化来稳固全新的政治形态。回顾这段历史,我们发现这样一个道理:虽然法家在秦国以及后来秦王朝实行的政治改革具有某种根本性和彻底性,但到了汉王朝时期,这些政治改革在相当程度上退了回去,此正如常言所说的“进三步,退两步”,这似乎表现为一种历史的倒退。其实质在于,当时的政治家和思想家们没有把一种无形的力量计算进去,那就是文化的力量。这种力量使得政治革新和文化继承之间表现为一种纠葛。如果政治家和思想家在政治改革之时,能考虑到这种无形的力量,那政治的反复和社会的动荡与破坏,也许不会那样大。更多还原

【Abstract】 It is well known that the history of the decline and revival of Confucianism in the history of the Qin and Han Dynasties.But few people pay attention and think the entanglement of cultural inheritance and political innovation under this history.More specifically,few people think about that the inconsistency between the old culture of Confucian inheritance and the new political form led by the legalists.Although people do not understand the existence of cultural psychology and cultural memory,under certain conditions,cultural psychology and cultural memory will inevitably recover and show great strength.The legist in the state of Qin implemented political reform,replacing the hereditary system with prefectures system,and realized the unification of the country by means of war.However,the legalists rejected the hereditary system of the Western Zhou dynasty and advocated the view of history,and this is the negation and abandonment of traditional culture.Li Si and the Emperor Qin burned books,with officials as teachers and against private schools.These cultural despotic policies temporarily hit the Confucian intelligentsia which inherited traditional culture as its own.But the consequences are serious.Because they lost the sense of identity and belonging of the Confucian intellectuals to Qin dynasty,they lost the possibility of forming common values of different groups.It was a huge mistake that the Emperor Qin and the legalists tried to obliterate the old culture by destroying Confucian education.Qin Shi Huang’s grand unification regime was in a dangerous state of cultural and political inconsistency.With the rapid destruction of the Qin dynasty and the establishment of the Western Han dynasty,scholars criticized Qin dynasty’s ruling ideology,and traditional cultural psychology and cultural memory soon wake up and form.Due to the fact that the emperor hereditary system is the biggest blood relationship,and people have deep kinship consciousness,in the early period of the Western Han dynasty,the feudatory system and hereditary system were resurrected,and the cultural classics of pre-Qin were reemphasized.Although the Qin dynasty existed for a short time,its institutions and culture were also partly deposited.The Western Han dynasty inherited both the culture of the Western Zhou system and the cultural inheritance of the Qin dynasty,for example,the feudatory system is in parallel with the prefectures system.HanConfucianism and his officials criticized and reflected on the joint actions of the Qin dynasty and the Legalism,which indicated that they had a common collective memory.In the framework of history,they formed the common values and code of conduct,the present and traditional docking,again with the help of the pre-Qin Confucian basic kernel for the moment all members and national political institutions can accept ethical values and moral principles;At the same time,they also seek and affirm their own identity and form the cohesive and continuous structural power of cultural memory.This cultural memory supports the revival of Confucianism,which enables the formation of classical culture and the relatively independent intellectual class.At the same time,Confucius,the representative of the inheritance culture,became known as the "king of Su" after he was consecrated by his disciples in the pre-Qin period,thus forming a cultural authority with relative political authority.Scholars use this to criticize and regulate realpolitik in order to guide the value orientation of society.Cultural integration requires free and extensive exchange and discussion to form a common cultural memory and identity at the whole social level.Emperor Wu of Han,by government agencies,set up the Five Classics,Doctor of the Classics,the Imperial College and Study of feudal states,finally unified political cultural fusion,and secures new political ideology and culture.Reviewing the history,we found a truth that although legalism in Qin and later the Qin dynasty has some fundamental political reform and thoroughness,but by the end of Han dynasty,the political reform in considerably back,this seems to be shown as a kind of historical regression.The essence is that politicians and thinkers at the time did not take an invisible force into account,which is the power of culture.This power is an entanglement between political innovation and cultural inheritance.If politicians and thinkers can take this invisible force into account when they are in political reform,political repetition and social upheaval and disruption may to seem less bad.更多还原