金岳霖哲学体系建构历程研究

【作者】 郑毅；

【导师】 许宁；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 中国哲学， 2017， 博士

【摘要】 金岳霖的哲学既有中国传统思想之意蕴,又有近代西方哲学之框架;既有立足于情感的部分,又有立足于理智的部分。金岳霖在逻辑、实证、唯物论等方面各有建树。通过对金岳霖哲学体系建构历程的研究,可以更清晰、更系统地认识金岳霖的哲学思想。金岳霖哲学建构历程大致可以分为三个阶段,有三大成果,分别为逻辑哲学建构、实证哲学建构、批判哲学建构。金岳霖的逻辑哲学建构包括逻辑学和逻辑形上学两个方面。1922年至1939年期间,金岳霖建构了其逻辑哲学体系。1936年,《逻辑》一书正式出版,在逻辑学方面,金岳霖以传统的演绎逻辑为主,兼顾罗素的数理逻辑系统。1937年,金岳霖撰《论道》一书,在逻辑的基础上结合中国古代哲学思想,提出了颇具形上意蕴的道哲学。道是式是能,“式”是逻辑的源泉,逻辑是必然的理。金岳霖主张逻辑是“一”,而“道生一”。“道”作为逻辑的本原义成为金岳霖逻辑哲学体系建构中的核心范畴。金岳霖在《论道》中采用的具体论证方法依然是演绎逻辑的方法。《逻辑》中的逻辑学以及《论道》中的逻辑形上学成为金岳霖逻辑哲学体系中最主要的组成部分。金岳霖在1939至1949年期间致力于其实证哲学体系的建构。实证一词是从广义来说的,这种实证既不同于孔德的社会实证,又不同于穆勒的实用主义,更不同于杜威的实在主义,相比较而言更偏向罗素的新实证主义。用实证主义或实在论等名词都不能准确定义金岳霖这个时期的哲学,因此,金岳霖这个时期的哲学不能在严格意义上称作实证哲学。但是从金岳霖哲学的建构历程来看,这段时期金岳霖建构的哲学体系是较为广义的实证哲学。在金岳霖撰著的《知识论》中,知识不能离开经验和实证而论。此外,金岳霖对休谟以来的归纳、因果问题在知识论层面提出了解决方案。金岳霖1949年之后的哲学可以称作批判哲学。金岳霖的批判哲学既不同于康德式的批判哲学,又不同于在政治或意识形态领域的斗争哲学,金岳霖从罗素哲学以及自己以往的哲学中跳出来,并以之作为研究对象,去理解、分析、辩证地认识它们。金以马克思主义为理论武器剖析罗素哲学和自己以往的哲学,在这个意义上我们称金岳霖1949年之后的哲学为批判哲学。金岳霖的《罗素哲学》一书是其批判哲学最重要的文本。在外在因素的影响下,金岳霖的批判哲学不可避免地会有阶级立场和思想改造等毫无学术价值的部分。因此,既不能全面否认金岳霖批判哲学的理论价值,也不能对其缺点视而不见,应当采取客观的、理性的审视态度。金岳霖三个阶段的哲学并不是孤立静止、毫无关联的,而是不断发展、前后呼应的。逻辑哲学、实证哲学、批判哲学三个体系的建构互有联系,然而旨趣却大不相同。逻辑哲学更注重逻辑的推演以及逻辑的形上诉求,但逻辑推演的方法在实证哲学和批判哲学中依然存在。实证哲学的旨趣在于分析实证,这个“实”与批判哲学中的“实”有承接关系。同时,实证哲学又补充完善了逻辑哲学并启发了金岳霖的“自然与人合一”思想。批判哲学包括罗素哲学批判和金岳霖的自我批判,自我批判主要是《逻辑》《论道》的批判。对于逻辑,金岳霖并非完全否定,而是批判滥用逻辑的行为。在马克思主义哲学的指导下,金岳霖建构了其批判哲学体系。在金岳霖哲学的建构历程中,有一个至关重要的人物——罗素。金岳霖一开始对演绎逻辑产生兴趣,之后尝试在自己的逻辑哲学体系中引入罗素的数理哲学。金岳霖转向实证哲学的研究之后,在因果及归纳问题上对罗素和休谟的观点有深入的见解。这个时期,金岳霖哲学是带有鲜明实证特色的知识论。金岳霖转入批判哲学之后,用马克思主义批判罗素主义。这种批判有利于金岳霖更加精深地研究罗素哲学,金岳霖从一名罗素主义者转变为研究罗素的专家。纵向来看,金岳霖的三部分哲学建构都与罗素有密不可分的关系。相对应地,可以总结概括为“以罗素为师”、“以罗素为友”、“以罗素为敌”。在哲学上,金岳霖一辈子没离开过罗素,不懂罗素哲学就不能真正搞懂金岳霖哲学。综上,金岳霖哲学体系建构历程可以概括为:一个历程,两个人物,三个阶段。一个历程是指金岳霖哲学具有“合三为一”的向度,三个不同的哲学体系建构融于一个动态的发展历程;两个人物是指在金岳霖哲学体系建构历程中,金以罗素为镜像,金岳霖的哲学不能离开罗素而论。三个阶段是指金岳霖哲学体系建构历程可以分为三个时期,三部分哲学体系在主旨和内容上泾渭分明。金岳霖哲学建构的历程反映了中国现代哲学发展的时代性。在金岳霖的逻辑哲学建构时期,中国的哲学家普遍追求形而上学的理论建构并自觉借助西方哲学资源,金岳霖著《论道》的同时,冯友兰著《新理学》,前者取“道”之笼统意蕴,建构了不同于以往任何“道”的逻辑化的“道”,后者取“程朱之理”重构了逻辑化的“理”,金有更强烈的原创性解释而被冯赞誉为“新瓶装新酒”。金岳霖之与罗素、贺麟之与黑格尔、牟宗三之与康德,很多中国近现代哲学家借助西学完成自己哲学的建构,这是中国哲学20-40年代的一大特征。在金岳霖的实证哲学建构时期,中国哲学界有一个从寻求形而上学转为研究认识论的趋势。张东荪的《知识论》与金岳霖的《知识论》分别代表了两种认识论方法。20世纪50年代以后,马克思主义成为中国的主导思想,金岳霖的批判哲学以及同时代其他哲学家的哲学不得不适应这种转变。金岳霖哲学建构历程与中国现代哲学发展历程密不可分,金岳霖对中国现代哲学中新哲学方法的探索做出了贡献。更多还原

【Abstract】 Y.L.Chin’s philosophy had not only the implication of Chinese traditional thought,but also the frame of modern western philosophy.Chin had not only emotion in his philosophy but also reason.He had achievements on logic,positivism and materialism.Through the research on the process of Chin’s philosophy construction system,we can know more clearly and systematically about his philosophy.The process could be divided into three stages,which had the following three achievements,the construction of logical philosophy system,the construction of positive philosophy system and the construction of critical philosophy system.Y.L.Chin’s logical philosophy structure included logic and logical metaphysics.From 1922 to 1939,Chin constructed logical philosophy system.In 1936,the book’logic’was published.Chin spread deductive logic but also Russell’s mathematical logic.In 1937,Chin wrote ’On the Tao’,he combined logic and Chinese ancient philosophy,create his own Tao philosophy.Tao is form,is possibility.Form is the root of logic,logic is certain reason.Chin considered that there is only ’one’ logic,’one’ derived from’Tao’.’Tao’ is the core category of Chin’s logical philosophy system,Chin still adopted the method of deductive logic in Tao philosophy.Logic and logical metaphysics were the main content of Chin’s logical philosophy.Y.L.Chin dedicated himself in positive philosophy’s research.Positive in Chin’s philosophy had more general sense than accurate sense.This positive was different from the thought of Comte or Mill or Dewey.Comparatively speaking,it was closer to Russell.So we can’t define Chin’s philosophy as positive philosophy in this stage,but only could say Chin constructed positive philosophy system.In the book ’Theory of knowledge’,knowledge can’t be discussed without experience and positive.In addition,Chin tried to give an answer to the causal and inductive problems left by Hume in knowledge field.Y.L.Chin’s philosophy after 1949 could be called critical philosophy.It was different from Kant’s critique or conflict philosophy in the political field.Chin jumped out of Russell and his own philosophy before 1949,he began to rethought them dialectically.Chin used Marxism as a theoretical weapon to analyze Russell ’s philosophy and his own past philosophy.The most important text was Chin’s ’Russell Philosophy’ in this critical stage.Inevitably,it had worthless part because of the influence of ideologically external factors.However,we can’t fully deny Chin’s critical theory.Instead,we should take an objective and reasonable attitude on Chin’s critical philosophy.Y.L.Chin’s philosophy at three different stages was not isolated and irrelevant,but evolutive,coherent.The constructions of logical philosophy,positive philosophy and critical philosophy are related a lot,nevertheless quite different on the purport.The logical philosophy paid more attention to the deduction of logic and the metaphysical appeal of logic,the method of logical deduction was still reflected in Chin’s positive and critical philosophy.positive philosophy emphasized empirical analysis,which had a deep relation to critical philosophy.Meanwhile,the positive philosophy complemented the logical philosophy and enlightened Chin the idea of ’the unification of nature and man’.The critical philosophy included Chin’s self critiques on ’logic’ ’On the Tao’ and Russell’s critiques.For logic,Chin negated weekly but only criticized the abuse of logic.Under the Marxism,Chin constructed his critical philosophy system.There is a vital figure-Russell in the construction process of Y.L.Chin’s philosophy.when Chin had an interest in deductive logic at the beginning,he tried to apply Russell’s philosophy of mathematics in his own logical philosophy system,After Chin turned to the positive philosophy system,he devoted himself in Russell and Hume’s views on the causal and inductive problems.During this period,Chin’philosophy was the theory of knowledge with distinct empirical features.After Chin turned into critical philosophy,he used the Marxism to criticized the Russellism which include Russell’s philosophy and Chin’s forward philosophy.This critique was good for Chin because he could understand Russell more deeply.It made Chin changed from a Russellist into a Russell expert.In the vertical direction,Chin’s three-part philosophical construction was inextricably linked with Russell.Correspondingly,this process could be summarized as "Russell as a teacher","Russell as a friend" and "Russell as an enemy." Chin never left Russell through his all philosophy and academic life,A man would never authentically understand Chin’s philosophy if he doesn’t understand Russell’s philosophy.In conclusion,Chin’s philosophy could be summarized as a process,two characters and three stages.A process referred there was a "three in one" meaning,three different systems merged into one process.two characters meant Chin and Russell.Chin regarded Russell as a mirror,we can’t talk about Chin’s philosophy without Russell.Three stages meant that Chin’s philosophy system construction process could be divided into three periods,the three parts distinguished from each other quite obviously no matter on the theme or content.The process of Y.L.Chin’s philosophical construction reflects the characters of the development of Chinese modern philosophy.In the age of Chin’s logical philosophy construction,Chinese philosophers used to pursue metaphysics theory and absorbed western philosophy resources.Chin wrote ’On the Tao’ and Y.L.Fung wrote ’Treatise on New New-Confucianism’ at the same time.Chin used the general meaning of ’Tao’,constructed logical ’Tao’.Fung restructured ’logical principle’ with the help of Cheng-Zhu’s principle.Fung praised Chin’s thought ’new win in new bottle’ for Chin’s original interpretation.Y.L.Chin as Russell,Lin He as Hegel,Z.S.Mu as Kant,an obvious feature is,Chinese modern philosophers were used to construct their theory systems by the influence of western thoughts in 20-40s.At the time of Chin’s positive philosophy system construction,there was a tendency that Chinese philosophers had more interests in the research of epistemology than metaphysics.Y.L.Chin’s thought on knowledge and T.S.Zhang’s thoughts on epistemology were two representative methods.After 1950s,Marxism was Chinese leading thought.Y.L.Chin and other philosophers had to adapt this new change.Chin’s process of philosophy construction related to the Chinese modern philosophy closely.Chin had a excellent contribution on the exploration of new methods in modern Chinese philosophy.更多还原