【作者】 王东；

【导师】 唐孝祥；

【作者基本信息】 华南理工大学 ， 建筑学， 2017， 博士

【摘要】 明清广州府北靠南岭走廊,南临茫茫大海,多样的地形地貌,不同的民族(民系)分布,多元的经济形态,发达的宗族文化等因素孕育了众多的传统村落,在漫长的历史长河中,形成了自己独特的审美文化体系。本文基于建筑史学和建筑美学相结合的研究视角,借鉴审美文化学、文化地理学、社会学等学科的相关理论成果,以明清广州府传统村落审美文化为研究对象,揭示出审美文化的逻辑构成,划分出审美文化圈区划,勾勒出其审美文化的历史演变,以“建筑美学的文化地域性格”理论为指导,搭建研究框架,探索明清广州府传统村落地域形态特征的多样性、社会时代精神的丰富性、人文艺术品格的深厚性,进一步推进岭南传统村落审美文化理论研究,促进岭南传统村落保护发展实践以及传统聚落史、建筑美学、传统建筑修缮设计理论等研究领域的繁荣发展。首先,针对明清广州府传统村落的环境格局、空间布局、景观类型展开分析,揭示其中的地域形态特征。明清广州府的水乡地区发育最早,是传统广府村落的典型代表,形成水乡村落格局。明代以降形成的广客交融型村落多“五位四灵”的环境格局。近代侨乡村落环境格局多样化特征显著,有水乡格局、靠山临田格局,临田临交通格局等。瑶族村落以“后有靠山,前有梯田”的环境格局为主。传统广府村落以“梳式布局”为原型,衍化为多种布局形态,突出“绕水”、“围岗”、“沿涌”、“综合”的形态布局。广客交融型村落突出村落的“围合性”布局。侨乡村落突出“规整的网状”布局。瑶族村落以“排列和自由”布局为主。从村落景观要素来看,传统广府村落的景观要素主要有榕茵社坛、小桥流水、水口园林、河涌植被、驳岸水埠、田园风光。广客交融型村落景观主要体现在客家围村景观与广府梳式布局的村落景观的相互交融上。侨乡村落的建筑景观突出表现在西式建筑与传统广府建筑的融合上。瑶族村落以“高山-村寨-梯田-河谷”的垂直景观形态为特色。其次,通过分析明清广州府的经济基础、宗族意识、文化习俗与村落的类型、住居模式、文化空间形成的关系,阐明明清广州府传统村落的社会时代精神。农商一体的经济结构孕育了岭南特有的水乡传统广府村落。在多山地、丘陵的广客交融型村落以农耕经济为主,村落规模小、形态简单。近代侨乡村落的发展主要得益于侨汇经济的支撑。少数民族聚居区存在游耕和山地稻作农业,促成了散居、大杂居小聚居的村落形态。受宗族意识的深刻影响,形成聚族而居的住居模式,在布局上表现为组团性、差序性,规整性、防御性特征。文化习俗对村落空间影响深刻,多神信仰致使村落庙宇众多,南越时期至民国不同年代的民俗遗迹“堆叠”于村落建筑中,“文房四宝”的耕读精神指导景观空间布局,村落空间中的这些文化习俗体现了文化特征的多样性。再次,通过对传统村落蕴含的民族心理、价值取向、思维模式、审美理想的分析,就明清广州府传统村落景观集称文化、建筑装饰艺术、非物质文化遗产的考量,揭示明清广州府传统村落中的人文艺术品格。明清广州府传统村落景观集称文化的美学特征涉及自然、人文、生活三方面,其审美品格包含“整体和合,直观体悟”的审美思维,“崇尚自然,以水为宗”的审美趣味,“尚静隐逸,诗画桑梓”的审美境界。明清广州府传统村落建筑装饰艺术表征了包括务实享乐的审美情趣、兼容创新的社会心理、崇文重教的价值追求、诗意乐生的审美境界在内的人文精神。作为明清广州府传统村落非物质文化遗产重要组成部分的游艺与粤乐包含了务实享乐的审美心理和雅俗共赏的审美情趣。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Canton Prefecture during Ming and Qing dynasties north depends on Nanling mountain corridor,and south meets the vast sea.It has varied terrains and landforms,different ethnic groups(clans)distribution,multiple economic forms and developed clan culture etc.,of which the factors have given birth to numerous traditional villages.The villages have also formed its own unique aesthetic and cultural system through the long history.Based on the integrating research perspectives of Architectural History and Architectural Aesthetics,drawing on the relevant theoretical achievement of the subjects like Sociology,Aesthetic Culture and Culture Geography etc.,the Aesthetic Culture of the traditional villages in Canton Prefecture during Ming and Qing dynasties is studied to reveal the logical structure of its aesthetic culture,to divide the zones of aesthetic culture circle and to outline its historical evolution.The Cultural and Regional Characteristics,the important theory of Architectural Aesthetics proposed by Professor Tang Xiaoxiang is introduced to set up its research framework,so that the diversity of the regional configuration features,the richness of the Zeitgeist and the profoundness of the humanistic and artistic characteristic of the traditional villages in Canton Prefecture during Ming and Qing dynasties are fully explored.It is conducive to further promote the theoretical research of the aesthetic culture of the traditional Lingnan villages and the development of the traditional Lingnan village conservation practice,which is a useful supplement for the broader study of the Traditional Settlement History,Architectural Aesthetics and the Renovation and Protection Design theory of the traditional architecture,etc.Firstly,the environmental pattern,spatial layout and landscape patterns of the traditional villages in Canton Prefecture during Ming and Qing dynasties are analyzed.The watery region developed earliest and formed its waterside-village pattern,which is one of the typical representatives of the traditional Canton villages.The type of villages blending of Cantonese and Hakka people most forms the environmental pattern of “Five Locations and Four Spirit”.The environmental pattern of the overseas Chinese hometown villages of modern times presents the distinguishing feature of diversity,such as the village pattern of watery region in the Pearl River network,the pattern of backing the mountains and closing the farmland,the pattern formed near the farmland and convenient for the transportations,etc.And Yao villages are mainly set up with the hill at the back and terraced fields in front.More specifically,the traditional Cantonese villages evolved its prototype “comb-typed layout” to a variety of forms,emphasizing the features of “water around”,“surrounding hills”,“along the watercourse’ and “synthetic form”.The type of villages blending of Cantonese and Hakka people highlight the “enclosing” layout,but the overseas Chinese hometown villages mostly adopt the structured–web layout.The Yao villages mainly present the features of stressing free arrangement.From the point of village landscape elements,the landscape elements of the traditional Guangfu villages mainly contain the Shrine of the Earth-god with the lush banyan tree,a small bridge over the flowing stream,water-gap garden,river vegetation,revetment water port,and the rural scenery.In contrast,the landscape of the village blending of the Cantonese and Hakka people is mainly embodied in the combination of the enclosing landscape of Hakka settlement and the “comb-typed layout” landscape of Guangfu village.The architectural landscape of the overseas Chinese hometown villages is prominently shown on the integration of the Western-styled architecture and the traditional Guangfu architecture.The Yao villages are characterized by the vertical landscape form of the "mountain-village-terrace-valley".Secondly,the humanistic and artistic characteristic of the traditional villages in Canton Prefecture during Ming and Qing dynasties is clarified through the analysis of the relationship between the economic foundation,ancestral consciousness,cultural customs and the type of the village,resident pattern,the formation of the cultural space,the social spirit of Canton Prefecture during Ming and Qing dynasties.Agri-businesses gave birth to the unique traditional watery Guangfu village of Lingnan region.In a mountainous,hilly blending-typed villages mainly based on farming economy,the scale of the village is small and its form is simple.The development of the overseas Chinese hometown villages of modern times benefits from the support of the remittances economy.Ethnic minority areas have formed the scattered,grand mixed-inhabited,small-settled village pattern owing to the coexistence of its shifting cultivation and mountain rice farming.Deeply influenced by the lineage consciousness,people have very strong clansman concept,living together,of which the layout of the villages manifests the characteristics of cluster,disparity,regularity and defensiveness.What’s more,the cultural customs have great impact on the form of the village space.There are numerous temples in the villages contributing to the villagers’ Polytheistic religion.We can find the Folk relics of different ages from Nanyue dynasty to the Republic of China in the traditional architecture.For example,the landscape layout is influenced by the learning spirit reflected by “Wen Fang Si Bao”(the four treasures of the study like writing brush,ink stick,ink slab and paper).Thirdly,the humanistic and artistic characteristics of the traditional villages in Canton Prefecture during Ming and Qing dynasties are revealed through analyzing the ethnic psychology,the value orientation,the thinking mode and the aesthetic ideal reflected in the traditional village taking the Landscape Assemble Appellation Culture,architectural decoration and the Non-substantial Cultural Inheritance for stressing.The Aesthetic features of the Landscape Assemble Appellation Culture of the Traditional Villages are mainly related to the natural,humanistic and living aspects.Its aesthetic characteristics include the aesthetic thinking of “holistic harmony and intuitional comprehension”,the aesthetic taste of “respecting the nature and taking water as the core” and the aesthetic state of “advocating peace and being a hermit,living in their homeland(native place)with the living style of painting and writing poetry”.The architectural ornament of the traditional villages reflects the humanistic spirit including the aesthetic sentiment of both advocating pragmatism and enjoyment,the social psychology of compatibility and innovation,the pursuit value of commitment to learning and attaching importance to education,and the poetic aesthetic realm of loving happy life.The recreation entertainment and Cantonese music,a significant component of the Non-substantial Culture of the traditional villages in Canton Prefecture during Ming and Qing Dynasties,presents the aesthetic psychology of pragmatic and pleasure,as well as the aesthetic interest of appealing to both refined and popular taste.更多还原