【作者】 张春花；

【导师】 李雪铭；

【作者基本信息】 辽宁师范大学 ， 自然地理学， 2016， 博士

【摘要】 沿海地带是联系内陆与海洋的过渡带,不仅气候条件适宜,自然资源丰富,而且是我国改革开放以来经济发展的桥头堡,是建设现代经济体系的核心地带,在集聚人口产业、提升核心竞能力、打造宜居宜业环境方面具有重要优势,在社会发展过程中占有十分重要的战略地位。然而,随着沿海地区的城市化进程加快以及人口压力的不断增加,引发了一系列的资源与环境的冲突,如耕地和森林植被日益减少,草地退化、水土流失加剧和土壤沙化、盐渍化,淡水资源匮乏等,在很大程度上造成了区域生态环境风险的增加。十八大提出促进生产空间集约高效、生活空间宜居适度、生态空间山清水秀。如何协调处理好沿海地区的生态空间、生活空间和生产空间的土地利用成为目前我国土地研究的热点之一。本文从生产空间、生活空间和生态空间的视角,探讨海岸带“三生空间”利用适宜性评价、利用现状冲突测度、利用规划冲突测度以及利用优化的理论方法,并以庄河海岸带为例,进行了实证分析。通过研究,本文主要取得了如下结论:(1)海岸带“三生空间”利用适宜性评价理论方法初步形成。本文从生产空间、生活空间、生态空间3个评价目标出发,构建了 8项准则层,18项底层指标的评价体系,生产空间主要是从投入强度、利用程度和产出效益等、生活空间主要是从居住环境、出行便捷和服务便宜等、生态空间主要是从生态质量和空间结构等方面构建指标体系。指标权重主要采用熵权赋权法和专家打分相结合的方法来确定,并选取综合加权模型和障碍度模型作为评价方法。(2)本文主要从海岸带利用现状和利用规划两个方面进行冲突测度。运用景观生态学冲突指数构建海岸带利用现状冲突测度模型,即空间冲突=外部压力+空间暴露性+空间风险效应值,其公式化表达为:SC = P + E + S(SC为空间冲突水平;P、E、S分别为空间外部压力、空间暴露性以及空间风险效应值3个因子)。根据空间冲突综合测度值将利用现状冲突度划分为“严重失控”、“基本失控”、“基本可控”、“稳定可控”四种类型。海岸带利用规划冲突测度方法是在首先探索土地规划、城乡规划、林业规划和海洋区划等四部门规划整合方法,将四个规划统一整合后,运用地理信息系统ArcGIS空间分析平台对四个规划进行叠加分析即可测度规划冲突程度。利用规划冲突主要有两规划冲突、三规冲突和四规冲突。上述冲突测度方法为全国海岸带利用冲突测度提供了有益技术方法和借鉴。(3)本文主要以多规融合的技术方法为切入点,推进海岸带“三生空间”利用优化。本文在摸清海岸带“三生空间”利用现状和利用规划冲突程度的基础上,结合适宜性评价结果,提出了土地规划、城乡规划、林业规划和海洋区划等四规冲突图斑判定的技术方法。判定的总体原则是土地规划中的基本农田保护区和林地规划的限建区优先于四个部门专项规划中的其他用地区。重要生态用地区优先于四个专项规划中的建设用地区。重要的基础设施用地或民生工程用地优先于四个专项规划中的其他建设用地区。上述方法为实现海岸带统筹协调利用提供了技术支撑。(4)庄河市海岸带“三生空间”利用现状冲突和利用规划冲突测度的结果基本符合实际。运用景观生态学冲突指数构建的冲突测度模型对庄河海岸带“三生空间”利用现状冲突测度,2014年庄河海岸带“三生空间”冲突综合测度值为0.56,处于相对较高水平,但总体处于基本可控的范围内,稳定可控区域面积较小。从“三生空间”利用冲突来看,2014年庄河市海岸带生活空间冲突程度较高,严重失控的图斑面积占比达7.35%;生产空间和保障空间变化相对稳定,生态空间相对良好,稳定可控比例较高。从近10年演变来看,庄河市海岸带空间利用冲突综合测度值由2004年度为0.53发展为2014年0.56,提高了 6%。空间利用冲突强度总体处于相对较高的位置、发展变化相对平稳的状态,但整体朝着失控方向发展,空间利用冲突较大的区域面积在增加。从冲突类型来看,2004—2014年庄河海岸带“三生空间”冲突“稳定可控”、“基本可控”的区域面积呈下降的趋势,而“基本失控”、“严重失控”的区域面积呈上升的趋势。通过对庄河海岸带“三生空间”利用规划冲突的测度,发现两规冲突测度中土地规划与城市规划在庄河市中心城区内和花园口经济区存在较大规模的重叠,土地规划与林业规划在整个海岸带区域内存在大规模、连片式的重叠情况;三规冲突测度中土地规划、林业规划、城市规划冲突最大,主要分布在昌盛街道、新华街道、大郑街道等地区;土地规划、林业规划、城市规划和海洋区划四规冲突的地区非常少。(5)提出了庄河海岸带“三生空间”利用优化布局方案。通过对庄河海岸带“三生空间”利用适宜性评价,庄河生产适宜区主要分布于花园口经济区、兴达街道、城关街道、黑岛镇;生活适宜区主要分布大郑镇、昌盛街道、新华街道、兰店乡;生态适宜区主要分布于吴炉镇、青堆镇、鞍子山乡、栗子房镇。在适宜性评价基础上,基于岸线“三生空间”利用冲突测度结果,根据优化方法即多规冲突图斑判定技术方法,制定了海岸线“三生空间”利用优化布局方案,将海岸带划分为基本农田保护区、水产养殖区、工业集中区、城镇建设区、村镇建设区、山体绿地区、滩涂湿地保护区、港口建设区、交通道路用地区、一般农地区等10个区。并根据“三生空间”分类与土地利用分类对应关系得到庄河海岸带2030年“三生空间”优化布局,为庄河海岸带利用提供了重要参考依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 The coastal zone is transition belt contacted inland and ocean,with appropriate climate condition and rich natural resources.Furthermore,it is the bridgehead of economic development since the reform and opening in China,is the core zone of the construction of modern economic system,and has significant advantages among agglomerating the population industry,promoting the core competitive ability,and building livable and appropriately industrial environment.In a word,it occupies vital important strategic position in the process of social development.However,with the quickening urbanization in the coastal area and the constant increased population pressure,there have emerged a series of conflicts between resources and environment,such as the decrease of cultivated land and forest vegetation,the degradation of grassland,the intensified soil erosion,the degradation and salinization of soil,the deprivation of fresh water resources,etc.,to a great extent,which have caused the increase risk of the regional ecological environmental.The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China have figured that facilitated constructing intensive and efficient production space,moderately livable living space and picturesque scenery ecological space.How to coordinately deal with the land use among ecological space,living space,and production space in the coastal area has become one of hot topics of land study in our country at present.This paper,from the perspective of ecological-production-living spaces,explores the theoretical methods of the suitability evaluation of utilization,the conflict measurement of Utilization status and plan and the optimizing Utilization about the "three spaces" in coastal zone,and carries on the empirical analysis with a case study of Zhuanghe coastal zone.The paper made the following conclusions primarily through the research:(1)Theoretical methods of the suitability evaluation of utilization has formed initially in the ecological-production-living spaces of coastal zone.This paper,from the three evaluation target--production space,living space and ecological space,constructs the 8 criteria and the 18 underlying index evaluation system:Specifically,production space tends to these indices:input intensity,usage degree,output effect etc..Living space builds the index system from the living condition,the convenience of tirps,and cheap servvice etc..While ecological space takes the ecological quality and space structure etc.into account.Index weight mainly adopts the methods combined entropy weighting method and expert estimation,with comprehensive weighted model and the obstacle degree model as the evaluation method.(2)This article mainly measure conflict from two aspects using the status and using planning of coastal zone.The article establishes,through conflict index of landscape ecology,the coastal zone’s conflict model of using status:space conflict = external pressure + space exposure + space risk effect value,its formula labels as:SC=P+E+S(SC for space conflict level;P,E,S,respectively,for external pressure,space exposure and space risk effect value).According to the comprehensive measure of spacing Violations,the utilization degree of conflict has been divided into four types:"serious out of control","basic out of control","base control" and "stably control".Utilization planning conflict measure method of coastal zone,after exploring and integrating land planning,urban and rural planning,forestry planning and Marine planning,is using spatial analysis platform of ArcGIS,geographic information systems,to conduct the overlay analysis of these four planning,namely,conflict degree of measurable planning.Its types majorly are conflicts of two plans,three plans and four plans.This method of measure the conflict provides a useful technical method and reference for the national coastal zone.(3)This article mainly regard technology method of multiple planning integration tas the breakthrough point,promoting the utilization optimization of ecological-production-living spaces of coastal zone.The paper,on the basis of finding out the conflict degree between utilization status and utilization plan of the "three spaces" in coastal zone,combined the results of suitability evaluation,puts forward the technology method of graph spot determination of these land use planning,forestry,urban and rural and Marine planning etc..The general principle of basic farmland protection,of land planning,and construction limited area,of forest land planning,precede other areas in the four department special planning.Important ecological use area is prior to construction land of the four special planning area.Meanwhile the land for critical infrastructure or livelihood projects prefers to other construction of the four special planning area.The methods provide technical support for reaching the coordinate,sustainable utilization in coastal zone.(4)The results of the conflict measurement of Utilization status and plan in Zhuanghe coastal zone’s ecological-production-living spaces is basically truthfulness.By the constructive landscape ecology model,in 2014,the comprehensive conflict measure value of Zhuanghe coastal zone’s "three spaces" is 0.56,relatively in a high level,but basically in controllable range in general,and the stable and controllable area is lesser.From the use conflict of three type space,conflict degree of living space of Zhuanghe coastal zone is higher,in 2014,which chart spot area of serious out of control has accounted for 7.35%;The change of production space and guarantee space is relatively stable;Ecological space also is relatively good,with stably and controllably high proportion.From the point of nearly 10 years evolution,the comprehensive conflict value of space usage of Zhuanghe coastal zone has raised 6%,from 0.53 in 2004 to 0.56 in2014.The conflict intensity of space utilization stays relatively high position,whose development and change relatively stable overall,but its direction towards incontrollable state and the larger area of space use conflict is on the rise.From the type of conflict,the area of region of "stable control" and "basal control" presents downward trend,while the area of region of "basically out of control" and "seriously out of control" appears ascendant trend in the conflict of ecological-production-living spaces of Zhuanghe coastal zone.There have emerged considerable overlaps in the two plan conflict measurement through measuring the exploiting and planning conflict in Zhuanghe coastal zone’s ecological-production-living spaces—the plan of land utilization and city layout hold large overlaps in Central city and Huayuankou economic zone in Zhuanghe and the land planning and forestry planning exist overlapped situation,large-scale and continuous-tablet,in the total coastal zone area;The conflicts among land planning,forestry planning and city planning are most obvious in the measurement of three plan interference,which distributed mainly in the Changsheng streets,Xinhua street,Dazheng streets and HuaYuanKou and other regions;the regions of four plan conflict--combined with Marine division—are fewer.(5)The paper has proposed the exploited optimization scheme of the ecological-production-living spaces in Zhuanghe coastal zone.Through suitability assessment of its utilization,the regions of suitable production in Zhuanghe are mainly distributed in HuaYuanKou economic zone,Xingda streets,the city streets,black island town;the livable regions distribute mostly in Dazheng town,Changsheng street,Xinhua street,Landian town;the ecological adaptable regions locate in Wu Lu town,Qingdui town,Anzishan town,Lizifang town,respectively.On the basis of suitability evaluation,The study has made the scheme of exploited optimization placement in shoreline’s ecological-production-living spaces--based on the coastline result of conflict measure,according to the optimization method,namely graph spot determination technology of multiple planning conflict,it has divided the coastal zone into ten areas:the basic farmland preservation area,the aquaculture region,the industrial concentration district,the urban constructing community,the town constructing community,the mountain greenbelt,the beach wetland reserve,the port constructing area,the transportation and road land,General agriculture area,etc..And it has received a optimized layout of ecological-production-living spacesf of Zhuanghe coastal zone in 203 0,according to its corresponding relations between space classification and land use,providing a vital reference basis for the coastal zone utilization.更多还原