小学生行人技能的养成及其与认知水平的关系研究

【作者】 王华容；

【导师】 谭顶良；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 发展与教育心理学， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 研究以城市小学生为对象,从心理学视角出发,采用实证研究方法,关注儿童行人技能的发展水平及存在问题,探讨影响其行人技能养成的因素,以期为今后交通安全教育提供理论依据及实践指导。研究主要包括两大主题:(1)小学生行人技能的发展水平及存在问题:(2)小学生与交通相关的认知要素发展水平及与行人技能的关系。研究采用文献研究法、访谈法、专家咨询法,建构城市小学生行人技能的结构,并确定了各行为指标的权重。在此基础上,从江苏省南通市区选取两所小学中一至六年级小学生共506名,采用自然观察法,对小学生上学时的步行行为进行观察并全程摄像。采集视频运用Observer XT11.5行为分析软件进行离线分析,了解小学生行人技能的发展水平及存在问题。小学生与交通相关的认知要素发展水平的研究,主要关注三个方面:小学生交通危险感知与判断能力、注意品质及视觉搜索能力,共包括5个实验,3个测验。其中:小学生交通危险感知与判断能力发展的研究,根据Thomson(1996)等研究者提出的“与交通相关的认知能力三层次”理论,分别设计道路情境的判断任务、不同危险程度交通情境的感知任务、以及复杂情境下路线选择任务3个实验。从江苏省南通市区随机选择一年级、二年级、四年级及六年级小学生169名(“复杂情境下路线选择任务”被试160人)为实验对象。另招募大学生、研究生被试38名(“复杂情境下路线选择任务”被试数31人)作对照。分析小学生交通危险感知与判断能力的发展水平,以及与行人技能的关系。小学生注意品质与其行人技能的关系研究,主要采取测验法。研究采用上海心仪科技公司开发的Psytech心理实验系统,对小学生进行注意广度、注意分配及Stroop测验。随机选择一年级、二年级、四年级及六年级小学生166名为实验对象,另招募大学生、研究生被试31名作对照。分析小学生注意广度、注意集中能力及注意分配能力的发展水平,以及与行人技能的关系。与交通相关的视觉搜索发展的研究,采用“指出不同”实验任务研究小学生的视觉搜索能力,设计模拟交通情境中过马路决策的眼动实验任务,探讨小学生的视觉搜索的策略。从江苏省南通市区选择一年级、二年级、四年级及六年级小学生160名,及41名大学生志愿者参与实验,研究小学生与交通相关的视觉搜索的发展水平和策略特点。研究结论如下:(1)城市小学生行人技能结构包括“安全过马路的技能”和“在路上安全行走的技能”两个维度,两个维度分别各包含11个和8个行为指标。19个行为指标在所属维度的权重系数处在0.08-0.14之间。(2)小学生的行人技能处在较低水平;“安全过马路技能”不存在年级差异,“在路上安全行走技能”年级差异显著,表现为六年级小学生技能水平最高,一年级最低;不同性别小学生的行人技能总体差异不显著。(3)小学生的危险感知与判断能力随年级升高而逐步提高,性别差异不显著;但与成人相比,小学生的危险感知与判断能力发展仍存在不足,在道路交通情境中仍处于弱势。小学生的危险感知与判断能力与其行人技能成绩呈一定程度的相关。(4)小学生的注意品质随着年龄的增长有逐渐提高的趋势;年级差异显著,一年级小学生显著低于中、高年级小学生及成人;性别差异不显著;小学生的注意广度与其“在路上安全行走技能”呈显著正相关;注意分配、注意集中与其行人技能相关不显著。(5)小学生与交通相关的视觉搜索水平随年龄增大而不断提高,视觉搜索策略逐渐成熟,但与成人相比,仍处在较低层次;不同性别小学生的视觉搜索水平不存在显著差异,但在视觉搜索策略上存在差别;小学生的视觉搜索水平与其注意广度、注意集中能力呈显著相关;低年级小学生的视觉搜索策略与其行人技能成绩显著相关,在中、高年级小学生中相关不显著。结合以上结果,研究认为,开展儿童交通安全教育,需要加强小学生正确行人行为的教育和指导;注重培养与交通相关的认知技能;针对小学生各年龄阶段的特点开展教育;采用多样化载体实施安全教育;培养小学生遵守交通规则的意识,杜绝明知故犯的行为和侥幸心理。更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on psychological analysis,the research use the empirical study method to analyze children’ pedestrian skill’s development level and existing problems,helping us discuss the factors influencing the cultivation of children’ pedestrian skills,which is expected to provide theoretical basis and practical guidance to traffic safety education in the future.The research mainly concentrates on two themes.One is the development level of pupils’ pedestrian skills and problems within;the other is the relevance between the development level of pupils’ cognitive elements about traffic and their pedestrian skills.The research collected lots of information by searching for relevant documents,interviewing and consulting experts to build a structure of urban pupils’ pedestrian skills and quantify each behavioral weight.Based on this,the researchers used naturalistic-observation method to observe and capture in videos the behavior of the 506 pupils ranged from grade 1 to grade 6,which were selected from 2 primary schools in Nantong Jiangsu Province,all through their way walking to school.The researchers used Observer XT 11.5,a behavioral analysis software,to analyze the videos collected,in order to know the development level of pupils’ pedestrian skills and the problems within.There are mainly 3 focuses in the researches of the development level of pupils’cognitive elements about traffic.They are pupils’ traffic risk perception and judgment,attention quality and visual search,which contain 5 experiments and 3 tests.The research content is as follows.According to the theory,"3 levels in traffic cognition ability",which advanced by Thomson(1996),the researchers designed 3 experiments:judgment tasks in different road situations,perception tasks in dangerous traffic situations to different extents and routine selection tasks in complicated situations to complete the research of development level of pupils’ traffic risk perception and judgment 169 pupils were selected randomly from grade l,grade 2,grade 4 and grade 6 in primary schools in Nantong as experimental subjects,(160 subjects in the experiment,routine selection tasks in complicated situations),in comparison with 38 undergraduates and postgraduates in universities as subjects(31 subjects in the experiment,routine selection tasks in complicated situations).The information of these experimental subjects helped to analyze the development level of pupils’ traffic risk perception and judgment,and their relevance to pedestrian skills.Researchers mainly used psychological test method in research of pupils’attention quality.166 pupils were selected randomly from grade 1,grade 2,grade 4 and grade 6 in primary schools in Nantong as experimental subjects,in comparison with 31 undergraduates and postgraduates in universities as subjects.The results of the tests helped analyze the development level of pupils’ attention span,ability of concentration and attention distribution,and their relevance to pedestrian skills.In the research of pupils’ traffic visual search ability level,spot the difference’test was used to study the level of pupils’ visual search ability and Eye Movements tasks of strategies crossing the road in traffic simulation to get a view on pupils’ visual search strategies.160 pupils were selected randomly from grade 1,grade 2,grade 4 and grade 6 in primary schools in Nantong as experimental subjects,in comparison with 41 undergraduates and postgraduates in universities as subjects,to study pupils’ traffic visual search ability level and strategy features.The research result shows that:(1)The structure of urban pupils’ pedestrian skills has 2 dimensions,"skills of crossing roads safely" and "skills of walking safely on roads",consisting of 11 and 8 target aims respectively,the weight ratios of which range from 0.08-0.14 in the corresponding dimension.(2)Pupils’ pedestrian skills are in a relatively low level.The levels of "walking safely on roads skill" vary from grade to grade,such as grade 6 pupils in the highest level and grade 1 pupils the lowest,while the levels of "crossing roads safely " skill don’t.And the gender factor has only a slight influence on pupils’ pedestrian skills.(3)Pupils’ risk perception and judgment abilities enhance as their grade goes up and has little relevance to gender.However,compared with adults,pupils still have lots of short-comings in risk perception and judgment ability,which makes them disadvantaged group in road traffic situations.Pupils’ risk perception and judgment ability is relevant to their pedestrian skill level to some extent.(4)Pupils’ attention quality will enhance as they grow up,leading to the vast variety in different grades.Pupils in grade 1 are obviously in a lower level than pupils in higher grade and adults.Besides,variety in gender is not notable.There is positive correlation between pupils’ attention span and "walking safely on roads" skill,while there is little correlation between concentration and distribution of attention and pedestrian skills.(5)Pupils’ traffic visual search ability level goes up as they grow,and visual search strategies more reasonable and useful.However,they are still on a low level compared with adults.Visual search levels don’t vary with gender while visual search strategies do.There is notable relevance between pupils’ visual search level and their attention span,attention concentration ability.Visual search strategy of pupils in low grades is obviously relevant to their pedestrian skills grades,but strategy in higher grades is not so.In conclusion,to achieve the effective implement of traffic safety education to children,we need to enhance the education and guide of right pedestrian behavior,cultivate pupils’ traffic perception skills,teach them in different way in different ages according to their features and put multiple-carrier safety education into effect.更多还原