【作者】 张芳；

【导师】 李新天；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 民商法学， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 民事法益的法律保护在立法和司法中均具有十分重要的意义,本文兼顾理论基础、立法论和解释论,综合运用价值分析、技术分析与比较分析,在充分借鉴其他国家立法经验的同时,结合我国的法律环境和基本国情,对现行侵权法一般条款上关于民事法益的内容,进行符合立法目的和司法实践的解读,并提出了民事法益与权利区分保护的侵权法司法解释建议。全文除引言和结论外,共分为五章。引言部分介绍了选题的理由及意义、研究的现状和趋势,以及研究思路和内容方法。面对司法中日渐增多的非典型侵权案件和法官找法难之间的矛盾,权利理论难以对一些新兴利益加以解释和保护,本文在占私法主导地位的权利思路之外,研究对利益保护的其他可能,探讨民事法益的法理和法律保护问题。通过研究法益类型、阐释法益保护的必要性、对比国内外法益保护方式,提出本文的关注重点是对权利和民事法益进行区别保护,限制法益的保护范围和保护程度,避免不合理地加重行为人的责任,对侵权法关于法益保护的兜底条款进行思考完善,提出民事法益保护的正确路径。第一章概述民事法益的基本原理。利益在法学中具有核心地位,除了法定实体权利外,还存在应受法律保护的其他利益。本文采民事法益的狭义说,认为民事法益是权利体系外应受民法保护的利益,权利存在于动态与静态双重法律关系中,而某些民事法益,例如纯粹经济损失,只存在于动态法律关系中,与结果主义上的损害概念相对应。与侵权法上的实体权利相比,民事法益呈现出“次权利”形态,缺乏权利外观,不具有社会典型公开性,体系零散难辨。考察民事法益与债之产生依据的关系,认为民事法益独立于债权之外。第二章归纳民事法益的类型。按照是否上升为权利、民事法益主体是否存在、不同法益载体形式,以及不同专属性质等标准,对民事法益进行不同分类。重点研究了不同专属性质下的法益分类,即人身型、财产型、混合型民事法益。人身型民事法益包括人格法益、身份法益,人格法益比具体人格权抽象概括,是具体人格权之外的一种应受法律保护利益,传统人身权制度中的一般人格权一直被视同权利,但其具有不确定性、生长性,不具有对世性,应当归为人格法益。身份法益产生于特定的亲属关系,实践中争议较少,除配偶权、亲权、亲属权保护的身份利益外,其他身份利益也大量存在并应予保护。死者人格法益、死亡胎儿法益从实质上看,归属于死者和死亡胎儿亲属,也归类为身份法益。财产型民事法益包括物法益、债法益、经营性法益。物法益中,占有的性质一直存在争议,本文认为从成因、性质到效力,占有都不具有一般物权特征,应归为法益。买受人期待利益是买受人对物占有条件下的一种不具完整所有权权能的法益,虚拟物之性质在物权法上没有得到定性,应当界定为法益。债法益中,自然债和纯粹经济损失的本质并非权利而是法益。经营性法益包括营业权、特许经营法益,前者是一种正当竞争性法益,后者是因独有的商标、专利、专有技术等经营资源,获得排他、独占等经营资格的法益。混合型民事法益包括知识产权法益、商品化权和可出生胎儿法益,三者在民法上兼具人身性和财产性。第三章提出民事法益保护的必要性。民法是一种不完备立法,由于社会生活具有动态性、开放性,立法者的理性有限,立法活动相对僵化滞后,成文法不能覆盖司法案例的方方面面,法律对某些应当得到保护的利益必有遗漏。民法保护的实体权利相对固定封闭,民事权利体系与利益的生长间存在着矛盾,实然权利与应然权利不能划等号,权利体系不能囊括应当保护的所有利益。因此有必要打破权利体系的边界创造法益的生长空间,对局限性的成文法和定型化的权利体系进行理性矫正,对民事法益进行保护。第四章研究民事法益保护的形式及范围。对于民事法益和权利,法律上存在不区分保护和区分保护两种形式。不区分权利和法益的保护方式有三种,即合同法上的权益平等保护,英美法上的权益不区分保护,以及以《法国民法典》侵权法一般条款为代表的权益概括保护。在不区分保护形式下,法益的保护依合意、先例或裁量,克服了成文法对民事法益保护不足的先天缺陷。然而,民事法益毕竟是一种“次权利”,如果将法益与权利置于同等保护地位,相当于将侵害权利的构成要件加负于法益之上,民事法益虽然得到了更充分的保护,但必然会导致加害人负担过重,侵权责任过度扩张,社会管理成本提高。侵权法一般条款中关于权益同等保护的这一规定,会导致司法审判的混乱,使民事法益的保护范围和保护程度缺乏统一标准。反过来,法官通过在个案中的利益衡量,对权利实施高于法益的救济,实际上是对权益同等保护规定的放弃,这样就使得这一规定形同虚设。本文认为,应当在侵权法上采取权利和法益的区分保护模式,在过错责任原则下,通过违反保护他人的法律和故意背俗两个前提条件,将法益与权利的保护加以区别,提高法益的保护门槛。本文从法益保护的角度,展开对保护性法律的内容以及公序良俗原则的讨论,认为公法强制性规范不宜作为法益的保护依据,习惯法可以援引为保护他人的法律,故意违背善良风俗造成的民事法益损害,也应得到民法救济。民事法益的保护应有限度,以一般人格权、纯粹经济损失、死者人格法益为例,分析论证了人身法益、财产法益的保护限度,以及民事法益保护的时间限度。第五章围绕民事法益保护,提出对我国侵权法的调整建议。《侵权责任法》的立法目的主要在于填补损害、实现救济,但立法是一种利益权衡和整合的结果,填补损害不能以过分限制行为自由为代价,也要避免因侵权责任构成要件设置不当而打开诉讼闸口。本文主张建立一套民事法益的弱保护制度,采取一般条款保护+具体类型列举+司法保护的模式,对权利和法益进行区分保护,并提出相关司法建议。《德国民法典》第823条、第826条的立法设计较好地解决了不同层次的利益保护问题,应作为我国侵权法一般条款调整的借鉴。本文认为,在侵权法一般条款中,应以行为的违法性或故意背俗作为侵害民事法益过错责任的构成要件,除非有法律的专门规定,加害人不应承担侵害民事法益的推定过错或无过错责任,公平分担责任也不适用于民事法益。本文在前述法益类型化的基础上,提出侵权法中应当保护的民事法益类型,作为抽象的一般条款之补充。在民事法益的司法保护上,本文提出法官应行使自由裁量权,运用利益衡量、漏洞填补、法律解释、法律类推、法律续造等方法,对民法尚未规范的利益进行合理甄别,并根据调整后的侵权法一般条款之规定,对受损的民事法益予以救济。更多还原

【Abstract】 Legal protection of civil legal interest is very important in legislation and justice. By taking into account of both theoretical foundation and legislative and interpretation theory, and integrating value analysis, technical analysis and comparative analysis, this dissertation gives an interpretation of the content related to civil legal interest in current Tort Liability Law, and proposes a suggestion for distinguishing legal interest from civil right based on the experience of other countries combined with the analysis of the legal environment and conditions of our country. Apart from the introduction and conclusion, this dissertation is divided into five chapters.The introduction describes the reason and significance of choosing this topic, and summarizes the present research and trends as well as the approaches and methods. Faced with conflicts between the growing atypical tort law cases and difficulties in finding the appropriate legal provision, the theory of rights is unable to distinguish and protect the interests of some emerging articles. This paper discusses the possibility of legal interest protection beyond the theory of rights which dominates the judicial practice, and explores the principle of legal protection of civil interest. Through studying the different types of civil interest and necessity of legal protection, and comparing the methods of domestic and foreign legal protection of civil interest, this paper focuses on predicting the scope and limit of legal interest, improving the fallback provision concerning the protection of legal interest in Tort Liability Law, and exploiting various methods, such as interpretation theory in practice to distinguish and select the way of protection.Chapter 1 examines the concepts of civil legal interest. Beginning with the analysis of theoretical foundations of civil legal interest, this chapter explains the important status of interest in law. The essence of interest is recognized legitimately and receives protection as "right". With the extension of the scope of legal protection, the concept of legal interest in criminal jurisprudence drifts along, providing a theoretical reference for civil law. In judicial practice, the atypical cases of infringement increase with years, whereas there is no common understanding of how to protect these atypical legal interest among judges, neither is a unified referee. In the definition of civil legal interest, there is a debate focusing on general civil legal interest and special civil legal interest. General civil legal interest refers to all the interest protected by civil law. Special civil legal interest only concerns the interest that is not covered by the system of rights but still protected by civil law. Comparison of the relations between civil legal interest and rights to interest and the interpretation of their concepts favors the definition of special civil legal interest. After outlining the distinction between legal interest and basis of obligatory right, and comparative analysis of the relationship between civil legal interest, contract interest, tort damage, groundless management interest and unjustified interest, the paper separates interest from obligatory right. In addition to the natural property, civil legal interest has characteristics distinguish itself from right in the aspects of identification, ownership, protection, and subjects. Civil legal interest is considered to be a secondary right from as the status, process and type is concerned.Chapter 2 discusses the types of civil legal interest. On the grounds of different characteristics of elements of interest, civil legal interest is classified into three types, personal-, property- and mixed-type. Based on whether it should be ascended to civil right, whether there exists a subject of civil legal interest, or on different legal carriers or characteristics, the civil legal interest can be classified differently. The personal-type includes personality-type and identity-type. The personality-type of civil legal interest is more general compared to the specific human right. Legal interest in conventional personal right system has been considered as human right, however its content is more flexible, therefore it is not equal to the general human right, but should be referred to as personality-type of civil legal interest. Identity-type of civil legal interest relies on specific family relationship, for this reason there are few disputes in practice. Besides the identity-type of interest protected by the right of spouse, parent and relatives, other identity interest should also be protected by law. Meanwhile, the identity interest of the deceased individual or fetus should be assigned to the relatives of the deceased in practical terms, therefore it should also be classified as identity-type of civil legal interest. The property-type of civil legal interest includes legal interest of property, obligation and business. The concept of "possession" in property-type of civil legal interest does not imply ownership, neither belongings of right. It should be classified into legal interest since it does not carry the general characteristics of property from the point of cause, publicity, protection or effectiveness. Buyer’s expect interest is an incomplete legal interest under the possession of property. Virtual goods which is not defined in property law, is considered as interest herewith. Legal interest of obligation mainly includes natural obligation and pure economic loss, both of which do not belong to right in essence. Legal interest of business mainly includes the right of operation and interest of franchise operation. The former refers to the interest of fair competition in business operation, and the latter refers to the interest of exclusive practice because of possession of exclusive trademark, patent or special technology. The mixed-type of civil legal interest includes the interest of intellectual property, commercialization and newborn infants. These three interests have characteristics of personal-type and property-type, therefore they are classified into mixed-type of civil legal interest.Chapter 3 explains the necessity of civil legal interest protection. Civil law belongs to incomplete legislation. The hysteresis and rigidity of legislation contrasting the dynamics and openness of the social life, causes incomplete legislation due to bounded rationality. Statutory law does not cover all aspects of judicial cases, leaving some legal interests out of protection. The rights protected by civil law are relatively rigid and exclusive. Conflicts between the system of civil rights and the growth of interest require separation of obligatory rights from actual rights since the system of civil rights does not include all the legal interests. Therefore, it is necessary to break the boundary of the system of rights and reconstruct the space for the growth of interest. The limitation of statutory law and rigidity of the system of rights should be properly adjusted so as to include the protection of obligatory rights.Chapter 4 studies the scope of civil legal interest protection. Two models exist in practice, equal protection of interest and discriminative protection of interest. There are three types of discriminative protection of interest, including equal protection of interest in contract law, indiscriminative protection of interest in the Civil law, and protection defined by the general terms of tort law in the "French Civil Code". The latter refers to protection under indiscriminative paradigm according to consensus, precedent or discretion. It overcomes the congenital defects caused by incomplete protection of statutory law. Based on the consideration of social welfare and compliance with the value of interest sequence, countries or regions in the Civil law system, represented by Germany, use discriminative protection in tort law to determine the appropriate protection and prevent excessive expansion of tort liability. In fault liability, the distinction between the protection of legal interest and rights is outlined by definition of illegality and deliberate violation of public order, improving the protection of legal interest. This chapter also discusses the content of legal protection and public order, and analyzes whether public law provisions, administrative penalties and customary law could be used as the basis for legal protection. In the meantime, the extent of violation of public order to which the execution of civil legal interest protection would be triggered is also investigated. Lastly, the limit of civil legal interest protection is mentioned. Examples of general personal right, pure economic loss and the interest of the deceased illustrate the protection scope of physical-type and property-type of civil legal interest and the time limits.Chapter 5 examines the adjustment in Tort Liability Law for protection of civil legal interest. Firstly, the purpose of formulating Tort Liability Law is investigated. This law protects the legitimate rights, prevents and punishes tortious conduct. It also mitigates the liability of the tortfeasor and imposes liability within necessary limit based on the equal protection of civil rights. Although in some cases of bona fide acquisition or pure economic loss, the civil legal interest achieved higher protection than the civil right protection, civil right still precedes civil interest, therefore protection of civil legal interest should adopt weak protection measures. This chapter proposes a model of statutory law, "general provisions plus special types of legal interest" to restrict the general terms of tort liability law. Using Article 823 and 826 in the "German Civil Code" as reference, the result caused by unlawful act or intentional violation of public order could be used as the basis for legal interest protection. And summarization and enumeration of all types of legal civil interest should be included in judicial interpretation. Finally, this chapter investigates supplementary protection of tort liability law. The power of judicial discretion the judge has permits measurement of interest, filling of the gaps and legal reasoning by analogy in order to make rational judgment in some circumstance beyond the principles of statutory law and requires compensation for the damage.更多还原