【作者】 方伟；

【导师】 陆发春；

【作者基本信息】 安徽大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2017， 博士

【摘要】 中国的现代化不仅仅包括社会形态的现代化,而且还包括文化、经济、科技等方面的现代化,度量衡制度改革是中国现代代化的重要组成部分。度量衡制度对国家,对于人民都有很重要的关系,然而中国度量衡制度历来没有确切的标准,非常混乱。度量衡制度的混乱不仅给人民群众生活造成了许多麻烦,而且不利于国家经济社会的发展,为了划一度量衡制度,晚清和民国政府进行了几次度量衡制度改革。鸦片战争后,外国的度量衡标准进入中国,并且产生了海关度量衡,这就使中国度量衡制度更加紊乱。为了维护清朝的统治,清政府制定了划一度量衡制度的计划,但是由于辛亥革命的爆发,清政府的覆灭,清政府划一度量衡制度的努力并没有使度量衡制度得到划一。民国的度量衡制度改革,是两次以万国公制为主导的度量衡制度改革,可以分为北洋政府时期、南京国民政府前十年、全面抗日战争时期和战后等四个时期。中华民国成立后,北洋政府于1912年提出了采用万国公制的方案划一度量衡制度,这个方案并没有得到国会的议决。虽然该方案没有得到国会的议决,但是改革度量衡制度的呼声并没有因此而减小,1914年北洋政府推出了新的划一度量衡制度方案并且颁布了相关的法律,1914年的度量衡制度改革方案只有北京、山西、云南实施外,其他各省毫无成绩。北洋政府时期的度量衡制度改革并没有改变全国度量衡制度混乱的局面,其原因是多方面的,包括政局的动荡、经费的短缺、人才的匮乏以及商家的阳奉阴违等。1927年南京国民政府成立后,地方政府和一些商业团体纷纷呼吁中央采取措施划一全国的度量衡制度。各界的呼吁引起了南京国民政府对划一度量衡制度的重视,于是工商部组织相关专家讨论划一方案,经过讨论国民政府决定以万国公制作为度量衡的标准制,同时在过渡时期设一辅制。度量衡标准确定后国民政府着手推进度量衡制度划一,包括度量衡法律法规的颁布与健全、召开度量衡推行委员会、制定划一度量衡六年计划与建立度量衡组织机构、加强度量衡各类器具的制造与管理、训练度量衡检定人员、加强对地方度量衡划一工作的视察与指导等等。南京国民政府前十年度量衡制度改革使公用度量衡基本实现划一、中东部地区城市和县城民用度量衡基本实现划一,这次度量衡制度是中国历史上少数几次较为成功的度量衡制度改革,有效的缓解了度量衡制度混乱的状况,但是这一时期的度量衡制度改革所取得的成绩是有限的,并没有彻底划一全国的度量衡制度,主要表现在中东部地区度量衡划一不彻底和西部地区改革进度缓慢。全面抗日战争的爆发打断了国民政府划一度量衡制度的进程,使度量衡制度的划一陷入停滞状态。为了配合日本侵略者长期霸占中国领土和掠夺经济,汪伪政权在沦陷区施行了划一度量衡制度的"改革",但是这次度量衡制度改革并没有成功,反而使沦陷区的度量衡制度更加混乱。在国民党统治区域,度量衡制度划一对争取全面抗战的胜利具有重要作用,于是国民政府搬至重庆后继续推进度量衡制度的划一,全国度量衡局为了划一度量衡制度在完善度量衡相关法律法规、度量衡检定人员的登记与培训、度量衡器具的管理、推进地方度量衡划一等方面做了很多的努力。全面抗战时期国民政府划一度量衡制度取得了一些成绩,虽然所取得的成绩是有限的,但是在当时严重的政治军事和经济形势下能取得这样的成绩是非常不容易的,是值得肯定的。全面抗战胜利后,改组后的中央标准局为了划一全国的度量衡制度采取了一些措施,由于全面内战的爆发导致国民党面临着严重的政治、军事、军事危机,在严重的危机下国民政府对度量衡制度改革不重视,所以战后国民政府的度量衡制度改革并没有取得多大成就。在中共统治区域内,以陕甘宁为代表的边区政府采取措施划一度量衡制度,经过边区政府的努力使原先混乱的度量衡制度得到扭转,战后边区政府的度量衡制度改革为新中国成立后的度量衡制度改革提供了宝贵的借鉴。更多还原

【Abstract】 China’s modernization not only includes the modernization of social patterns,but also the modernization of culture,economy,science and technology and so on.The reform of weights and measures system is an important part of China’s modernization.The system is very important for the country and the people.However,there is no clear standards and the weights and measures system is very confusing.The chaos of the system not only caused a lot of troubles to people’s life,and not conducive to the economic and social development of the country.In order to unify the weights and measures system,the government of the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China carried out several reforms of the system.After the Opium War,the foreign weights and measures standard entered into China,and then appeared the customs weights and measures standard,which caused more chaos to the system.In order to maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty,the government made plans to unify the weights and measures.However,due to the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911 and the destruction of the Qing Dynasty,the efforts to draw a system of weights and measures failed.The reform of system of weights and measures of the Republic of China is twice dominated by the universal metric reform.It can be divided into four periods:Beiyang Government,the first ten years of Nanjing National Government,the Anti-Japanese War and the postwar.After the founding of the Republic of China,the Beiyang Government proposed a scheme to unify the metric system of weights and measures in 1912,but the program has not been examined by the Parliament.But at the same time the call for reform of system of weights and measures had not been reduced.The Beiyang Government drew up a new scheme and enacted relevant laws in 1914.Nevertheless,the new scheme was only carried out in Beijing,Shanxi,Yunnan.The reform did not change the disorder in weights and measures.There are several reasons,such as the political instability,shortage of funds,the lack of talents and the rebellion of merchants and so on.After the Nanjing National Government was established in 1927,the local government and some business groups were calling on the central government to take measures to take measures to harmonize the system of weights and measures throughout the country.The voices of all social people caught the eyes of the government.The Ministry of Industry and Commerce organized experts to discuss the project.After discussing the National Government decided to take the metric system as the standard system of weights and measures,at the same time,to set an assistant system in the transition phase.Confirmed the standard,the government had taken action to enforce the weights and measures,including built up related laws and rules,convened regulations committee,drew a six years plan and established organizations,strengthened the manufacturing and management of the various weights and measures appliances,trained the personnel of supervisors,and strengthened the inspection and guidance of the local system,and so on.In the first 10 years of the Nanjing National Government,the reform of the system of public weights achieved basically unification,the civil measure and weights in the cities and counties in the central and eastern part of China were basically unified.This weights and measure system was one of a few successful system reforms in the history of China,which effectively alleviated the chaos of the system.However,the achievements of the reform in this period are limited and there is no uniform system of weights and measures in the whole country,mainly manifested in the inadequacy in the central and eastern regions and the slow progress of reform in the western regions.The outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War interrupted the process of the national government’s unification of the system of weights and measures,so that the uniformity of the system stalled.In order to meet the Japanese invaders to occupy China’s territory and plunder the economy for a long time,Wang puppet regime implements a unified system of "reform" in the occupied areas,but this metric system reform has not succeeded,instead caused more confusion in the enemy-occupied area.In the area under the rule of the Kuomintang,the system of weights and measures played an important role in winning the victory of the Anti-Japanese War.After the National Government moved to Chongqing,it continued to promote the uniformity of the weighing system.In order to unify the weighing and measuring system,National Bureau of Weights and Measures made great efforts in improving laws and regulations,training Prosecutors staff,supervising the measurement equipment,and promoting local progress of weights and measures reform etc.During the period of the Anti-Japanese War,the National Government had made some achievements.Although the achievements were limited,it was not easy to achieve such achievements under the severe political,military and economic conditions at that time.It deserves recognition.After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War,the reorganized Central Bureau of Standards took some measures to unify the country’s weights and measures system.The Kuomintang faced a serious political,military and military crisis because of the Kuomintang’s unrelenting launch of a full-scale civil war,regardless of the people’s opposition.In the severe crisis,The government did not pay much attention to the reform of the system of weights and measures,so the reform of the system the national government did not achieve much success after the war.In the CCP-ruled region,the Border Region Government,represented by the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region,adopted measures to measure and balance the system.After the efforts of the Border Region Government,the countermeasure of the former chaotic system was reversed.The post-war reform of the weights and measures system of the Border Region provides a valuable reference for the new China.更多还原