【作者】 徐建芬；

【导师】 包利民；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 伦理学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 塞涅卡是罗马时代斯多亚派的哲学家。他的作品自古以来都被极广泛地阅读,影响或熏陶了很多的思想家和政治家。但在现代的研究者看来,塞涅卡似乎颇成问题,特别是他自称为斯多亚派,可是与伊壁鸠鲁派和基督教的关系很密切,从而被贴上折衷派的标签在所难免。对此,塞涅卡自己的辩白是作为真理的追求者他当然要采纳一切真的思想。而且在他看来,这个"真"不应作狭义的理解,应该包括道德理性、审慎理性和神圣智慧。笔者以为,把握斯多亚派乃至希腊化和罗马时期的哲学的新特点——治疗型哲学——可以更好地理解塞涅卡。塞涅卡为了治疗人类的本体性疾病,在立足于斯多亚哲学方法论的同时,心灵开放地采纳了其他治疗方式的思想体系。本论文就是从这一视角出发,审视作为心灵医师的塞涅卡如何灵活地采用斯多亚派的德性加法、伊壁鸠鲁派的快乐减法和基督教的神圣智慧来医治人类的灵魂疾患。通过这一考察,本文也就回答了塞涅卡的"复杂"(包括人格上和思想上)之谜。斯多亚派的德性加法是塞涅卡主要的疗法。塞涅卡继承了斯多亚派对灵魂疾病的诊断和治疗的理论。首先他从三个角度,即从伦理学、本体论和认识论的角度,剖析作为心灵疾患病因的激情,由此表明激情治疗的必要性和可能性。接着,塞涅卡从不同的维度论证仅有德性为唯一之好的新价值排序,以此作为根除激情的药方:德性所彰显的是人的一种真正优秀,它所代表的是一种人自己可以把握得住的幸福;德性的唯一可欲性还可以通过技艺的类比和与神相似的形而上学来证明。伊壁鸠鲁派的快乐减法是塞涅卡辅助的疗法.塞涅卡之所以借助伊壁鸠鲁派,原因在于他深刻地理解了伊壁鸠鲁主义:与斯多亚派一样,它也旨在个人的坚强、心灵宁静和幸福;与斯多亚派不同,它更为温柔可亲,更适合于一般不甚坚强的普通人或弱者。基督教的神圣智慧也是塞涅卡所期待的疗法。塞涅卡对悲剧的情有独钟似乎表明他对理性的绝望而期待神圣主体的入世拯救。从塞涅卡道德论集的文本中我们可以看到他始终在追寻神明,而且从其《道德书信》某些细节来看,他所追寻的神明超出了斯多亚派神的范畴,与当时正暗流涌动的基督教的神明颇有契合之处。虽然笔者的解读看起来还是印证了塞涅卡折衷派的名份,可是本文的探讨恰恰证明了:塞涅卡经久不衰的魅力就在于他极为开阔的视野,为了解决具体问题而不自我拘泥于某一思想体系,从而可以影响后世的不同类型的思想家,比如说奥古斯丁和亚当斯密,前者清晰地表达了高于理性的恩典,后者则系统地阐述了审慎理性、道德理性和神圣智慧各自的作用和局限。更多还原

【Abstract】 As a Philosopher of Stoics in Rome,Seneca’s works have been read widely since ancient times,which have influenced many statesmen and thinkers.But for modern researchers,Seneca seems to be a problem because as a claimed Stoic and he had intimate connections with Epicureans and Christianity.So he has been called an"eclectic" in academics.Seneca has provided an explanation that he would adopt everything that contributes to pursue truth.Truth should not fall into a narrow understanding,and it includes virtue,prudence and divine wisdom.We believe that after grasping the new characteristics of Stoics,and those of all philosophical school in the Hellenistic and Roman periods,we will comprehend Seneca.The key concept is therapeutic philosophy.For the sake of curing spiritual diseases in human,Seneca opens his mind to accept other therapies in addition to Stoic methodology.From this perspective,I will study Seneca as a spiritual doctor.In healing the diseases of human soul he has used both Stoic virtue,and the Epicureans pleasure and Christian sacred wisdom.Therefore,in my dissertation I shall explore the "complex ambiguity",of Seneca’s personality and ideology.The treatment of Stoic virtue is Seneca’s main therapy.Seneca inherits the theory of Stoics about medical diagnosis and disease treatment to human soul.First,he analyses passion as pathology of mind.As disorder from ethics,ontology and epistemology what showing that it is necessary and possible to treat passion.Then,Seneca argues a kind of Value Order as a prescription of eradicating passion that only virtue is good from different dimensions:virtue is the real excellence of human being,and it represents happiness which can be achieved by people themselves;and virtue’s exclusive desirability can be proved by craft analogy and metaphysics akin to God.The reductive treatment of Epicureans’ pleasure is Seneca’s assistant therapy.Seneca gets support from Epicureans because he understood Epicureanism profoundly,which is similar to Stoicism for it also aims at invulnerability,spiritual tranquility and happiness of human.But it is also different from Stoicism,as it is more gentle and amiable,more fit for ordinary people or the weak.Sacred wisdom of Christianity is Seneca’s expectant therapy.That Seneca is interested in tragedy seems to indicate his despair about rationality and looking forward to the saving by the Holy.From Seneca’s Moral Essays,he can be seen as a seeker after god,and from some details of his Epistulae Morales,his pursuits corresponds to Christianity and leads beyond Stoicism.Although Seneca is still confirmed as an eclectic in our interpretation,we argue that this term indicates that the Seneca’s charming lies in his broad perspectives.He never adhered to a system of thought rigidly,which can explain his influence on such different types of thinkers,as Augustine and Adam Smith,the former has expressed Grace clearly,and the latter expounded diverse roles and limitations of prudence,virtue and divine wisdom.更多还原