【作者】 杨洋；

【导师】 罗明；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 光学工程， 2016， 博士

【摘要】 发光二极管(LED)照明正逐步取代传统照明方式进入生活、工作以及商业领域。LED虽然具有体积小、寿命长、绿色环保等优点,但是也存在诸多需要解决的问题,其中一个主要问题便是不适眩光(Discomfort glare)。虽然,目前已经有比较成熟的模型对传统光源引起的不适眩光进行评价,但是这些模型并不适用于LED光源。首先LED尺寸极小,即便加装透镜或者散射板其均匀度也不及传统光源。其次,LED光谱种类多样,通过不同光谱类型的LED组合又可以实现更为丰富的光谱成分。有研究表明,光源的均匀度以及光谱成分均会对眩光感知产生重大影响,然而传统的眩光模型并未将这两种因素纳入考量。本论文旨在a)深入研究LED的均匀度以及光谱成分对不适眩光的影响；b)采用改进型的亮度或者视明度代替光源的平均亮度对不同均匀度以及光谱成分的眩光进行预测；c)基于改进型的亮度和视明度建立相应的眩光模型。首先,本论文研究了LED光源均匀性对不适眩光的影响。实验包含了多种有代表性的LED光源,如裸露的LED芯片、加装透镜或者散射板的LED光源。观察者依据眩光量表对各种光源引起的不适眩光做出评价。实验表明,光源平均亮度(Lave)无法对多种光源引起的不适眩光进行一致预测,不均匀光源引起的不适眩光强于均匀光源。由于传统的UGR眩光模型仅仅包含Lave,因此也无法对实验数据做出良好的预测。本论文分别提出了改进型亮度以及基于色貌模型的视明度对不同均匀度光源引起的眩光进行评价并获得了良好的效果。进一步的,将这两种指标与影响眩光的其他因素结合,建立了适合评价非均匀光源的眩光模型mUGRUNI与QUGRUNI,两种模型的表现均远优于传统的UGR眩光模型。然后,本论文研究了LED光源光谱对不适眩光的影响。实验包含了多种彩色的LED光源以及由彩色LED混合而成的多种白色LED光源。实验表明光源平均亮度Lave无法对不同光谱成分的光源引起的不适眩光做出一致预测,彩色LED引起的眩光整体上强于白色LED,蓝色LED引起的眩光明显强于其他颜色的LED。特别的,蓝色LED波长越短引起的不适眩光越强。之后本论文采用多种预测眩光感知的眩光视效函数代替传统的明视觉视效函数,将其与光源光谱积分得到新的光源亮度,另外本论文还将色貌模型与Helmholtz-Kohlrausch效应相结合计算得到新的视明度,两种指标均可对不适眩光进行良好的预测。此外,基于这两种指标的眩光模型mUGRSPD与QUGRSPD也效果良好。最后,本论文将前述的分别考虑光源均匀性以及光谱成分的模型结合,提出了综合考虑二者影响的两种眩光模型mUGR与QUGR,并且进行独立的实验验证模型效果。结果表明两种模型表现类似,但是均远胜于UGR模型。其中mUGR与传统的UGR模型类似,均是基于实验数据建立的经验公式；而QUGR首次将色貌模型应用到眩光模型之中,建立了人眼感知与眩光评价的联系,有望成为未来全新的眩光评价工具。更多还原

【Abstract】 Nowadays, light-emitting diode (LED) has been widely used due to its higher efficacy, longer life and lower-environmental pollution comparing with the conventional sources such as incandescent, fluorescent lamps. Meanwhile, there are issues concerning the lighting qualities of LED. A major issue concerning LED lighting applications is discomfort glare, which is the focus of the present study.Although there are some models predicting discomfort glare, they are mainly used to predict glare for large size and uniform white sources. They cannot work well with LEDs. Firstly, LED lights are generally non-uniform because of its small size and high intensity, even with the inclusion of lenses or diffusers. Secondly, LED sources can have variety of spectral power distribution (SPD), which have different colour appearance, colour temperature, colour rendering property. Many researchers have found that the above two properties (uniformity and SPD) could have a large impact on glare perception, while most existing glare models do not take them into consideration.The goals of the present study are a) to collect experimental data of glare perception under different parameters including non-uniformity and various SPDs of LED sources, b) to establish new definition of luminance or brightness to consider the effect of uniformity and SPD on glare perception, and c) to develop new models based the new definition of luminance or brightness.All the goals have been successfully achieved by conducting two experiments. For Experiment 1, the discomfort glare caused by LED luminaires having different uniformities was conducted. Four types of LED luminaires (raw LED chips, the LED covered by lens, the LED covered by a diffuser and raw LED with different luminance distributions. Observers scaled glare using a seven-categorical scale. The results showed that the UGR based on average luminance of glare source cannot predict glare results from all four types of sources consistently. Different non-uniform luminaires produce more glare perception than those of uniform ones. Furthermore, Unified Glare Rating (UGR) model was tested and performed badly. Hence, a modified model was proposed to estimate different degrees of uniformity, which is called UGRUNI.In addition, another glare model, QUGRUNI, was proposed based on a colour appearance model (see later).Experiment 2 was conducted to study discomfort glare caused by LEDs having different SPDs. It included both Coloured LEDs and white lights produced by various colored LEDs. The results showed that the UGR based on average luminance cannot predict all glare sources consistently. Coloured LEDs induced more discomfort glare than white lights with different CCTs. Blue LEDs led to the highest glare perception, especially for those having shorter peak wavelength. For developing new glare models, different visual sensitivity functions in the blue end of spectrum were integrated with V(λ) function to obtain a new luminance quantity. This model, named mUGRSPD was used, to replace the average luminance in UGR, to give accurate prediction to the visual results. Finally, a colour appearance model for unrelated lights was modified to accurately predict perceived brightness by taking into account the Helmholtz-Kohlrausch (H-K) effect. This model is named QUGRSPD.Both glare models markedly outperformed UGR.Finally, two generic glare models, named mUGR and QUGR, considering both uniformity and SPD were tested using an independent dataset. It showed that the new ones had similar performance and both performed much better than UGR. The mUGR is similar to the traditional UGR since they are both empirical formulations. While the QUGR is based on colour appearance model. It builds a bridge between glare evaluation and human visual principles for the first time. Therefore, it is promising to be applied in evaluation of LED lighting quality in the future.更多还原